Foodborne Illnesses

Bacteria

Description 

Symptoms

Food Sources

Botulism/

Clostridium botulinum

  • Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum which releases a neurotoxin attacking one’s nervous system 

  • Foodborne botulism takes place when food is stored improperly, the bacteria grows and toxins are released into the food 

  • Can be fatal


  • Nausea 

  • Diarrhea 

  • Vomiting 

  • Dry mouth 

  • Constipation 

  • Drooping eyelids 

  • Difficulty swallowing 

  • Blurred or double vision 

  • Difficulty speaking including slurred speech 

  • Partial facial paralysis or loss of facial expression 

  • Hoarse voice 

  • Homemade canned goods (the bacteria multiplies in an oxygen-free environment) 

  • Commercial canned goods (dented or puffy) 

E. Coli 

  • Escherichia coli (E coli) already live in the intestines of healthy people and animals, however a few strains can cause serious illness and side effects 

  • Exposure is typically from contaminated food or water 

  • The bacteria produces a toxin that damages the lining of the small intestine 

  • While recovery can occur within a week, E Coli can be fatal 

  • Diarrhea (mild/watery -severe/bloody) 

  • Stomach cramping or pain

  • Nausea 

  • Vomiting 

  • Unpasteurized milk 

  • Unwashed produce, especially spinach and lettuce (due to runoff from cattle farms) 

  • Uncooked meat (i.e. ground beef) 

  • Water (pollution in ground and surface water)  

Salmonella 

  • Bacterial disease that infects the intestinal tract 

  • Typically lives in animal and human intestines, shed through feces 

  • Common infection through water and food 



  • Diarrhea (can cause severe dehydration) 

  • Fever 

  • Stomach cramping 

  • Nausea 

  • Vomiting 

  • Chills 

  • Headache 

  • Blood in stools 

  • Raw meat, poultry and seafood 

  • Raw or undercooked eggs 

  • Unpasteurized dairy products 

  • Fruits and vegetables (irrigated with contaminated water) 

  • Food that has come into contact with a person that doesn’t wash their hands, infected surfaces or pets

Staphylococcus

(Staph)

  • Caused by staphylococcus bacteria 

  • Bacteria multiplies in food and produces toxins 

  • Illness typically appears and disappears quickly from staph food poisoning 



  • Nausea 

  • Diarrhea 

  • Dehydration 

  • Low blood pressure 

  • Meats 

  • Poultry and egg products 

  • Cream-filled bakery products 

  • Milk and dairy products 

  • Salads 

  • Food that has come into contact with a person that doesn’t wash their hands

Listeria

  • Bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a germ that can grow despite refrigeration and freezing 

  • Bacterial illness that is especially dangerous for pregnant women, the elderly and those with weakened immune systems 

  • Can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and those with weakened immune systems 


  • Fever 

  • Chills 

  • Muscle aches 

  • Nausea 

  • Diarrhea 

  • Raw vegetables (contaminated from soil or manure) 

  • Contaminated meat 

  • Unpasteurized milk or foods 

  • Processed foods such as soft cheeses, hot dogs, deli meats




Campylobacter





  • Campylobacter bacteria infects the gastrointestinal tract (small and large intestines) 

  • Passes to humans when animal feces contaminate food, meats, water and unpasteurized products 

  • Diarrhea (sometimes bloody) 

  • Vomiting 

  • Fever 

  • Headache 

  • Stomach cramps 

  • Raw or undercooked poultry 

  • Unpasteurized dairy products

  • Untreated water 

  • Seafood 

  • Produce 

Bacillus Cereus

  • The intestinal type of this illness is caused by the ingestion of the spore forming toxin 

  • Two types - emetic (vomiting) and enterotoxin (diarrheal) 

  • Commonly occurs when food is left at room temperature 

  • Tends to go away quickly unless you have a weakened or compromised immune system 

  • Abdominal pain

  • Stomach cramping

  • Watery diarrhea 

  • Nausea 

  • Vomiting 

  • Emetic type is found in starchy foods such as rice, potatoes, cheese and pasta


  1. What is the difference between pasteurized and unpasteurized food? 


Pasteurized

  • Exposed to high temperatures to destroy harmful microbes such as bacteria and viruses (that cause foodborne illnesses) 

  • Less chance of contracting a foodborne illness 

  • Processes may alter natural taste, flavor and nutritional profile 


Unpasteurized 

  • Not treated with high temperatures 

  • May contain greater nutritional value 

  • Retain the food’s natural taste, appearance and smell 

  • Greater likelihood of foodborne illnesses 


  1. Why are some meats eaten raw and others not? Which ones and why? 


Raw meat from certain animals (i.e. fish) contain fewer pathogens, bacteria, parasites and viruses dangerous to humans. Eating raw meat depends on a variety of factors such as hygiene conditions, preparation, source of the meat and the species of the animal. 


Meats that can be eaten raw include: 

  • Steak tartare 

  • Wagyu beef (fresh and high quality) 

  • Rare steak

  • Sashimi


Meats that can’t be eaten raw: 

  • Chicken 

  • Pork

  • Ground beef and other cuts of raw beef