Wk 3_ cohort case-control
Page 18: Case Examples of Cohort Study Types
Page 24: Exposed Population Selection
Investigation of health impacts in special and general cohorts based on exposure magnitude.
Page 25: Example Outcomes of Exposed Population Selection
Discusses the interrelationship between obesity, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and chronic diseases.
Page 26: General Cohort Study Example - Framingham Heart Study
Overview of a longitudinal study from Framingham, Massachusetts aimed to shed light on cardiovascular disease risk factors since 1948.
Page 27: Special Cohort Example - Air Force Ranch Hand Study
Details the history and individuals affected by Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and the health implications observed post-exposure.
Page 28: Selection of Comparison Group
Explanation of the "Counterfactual Ideal" and importance of creating comparable groups in cohort studies.
Page 29: Counterfactual Concept in Selection
Discusses the theoretical basis of determining what would have happened in the absence of exposure.
Page 30: Sources of Comparison Groups
Evaluates types of groups available for comparison in cohort studies (internal, general population, workplace).
Page 31: Comparison Group Usage Case Study
Examples comparing chronic kidney disease mortality rates from different occupational groups in relation to pesticide exposure.
Page 32: Sources of Exposure and Key Variables in Cohort Studies
Information Sources:
Details on various methods to gather exposure data and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
Page 33: Follow-Up in Cohort Studies
Importance of complete follow-up and the implications of loss-to-follow-up (LTF) on study validity.
Page 34: Strategies for Effective Follow-Up
Lists strategies for maintaining contact with study participants and information sources both in developed and developing areas.
Page 35: Strengths and Limitations
Summarizes the overall strengths and limitations of cohort studies particularly focusing on study design considerations for different types of diseases.
Page 36: Cohort Analysis Methods
Tools and methods for analyzing data from cohort studies including use of 2 x 2 tables for incidence and association measurement.
Page 37: Relative Risk and Risk Difference
Describes the implications of these two measures in assessing the relationship between exposure and outcomes in cohort studies.
Page 38: Analysis of Cohort Studies
Analyzing data requires statistical methods to compare disease occurrences based on exposure groups.
Page 39: Examples of Analysis Outputs
Illustrates calculations for relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD) based on hypothetical data.
Page 40: Risk Difference Interpretation
Provides context on what risk difference values indicate related to exposure impact on disease incidence.
Page 41: Relative Risk Calculation Example
Details a hypothetical study of lung cancer risk associated with smoking, with interpretations.
Page 42: Risk Difference Calculation Example
Provides insights on hypothetical risk differences and implications for smoking cessation.
Page 43: Relative Risk Characteristics
Explains the significance of RR values in indicating exposure-disease relationships and statistical inference.
Page 44: Cohort Study Limitations Reminder
Recaps the challenges of cohort studies, including size, follow-up loss, and cost efficiency.
Page 45: Case-Control Studies Introduction
Discusses how case-control studies address limitations of cohort studies through alternative designs.
Page 46: Case-Control Study Structure
Illustrates the basic structure and purposes of identifying cases and sampling controls for comparative purposes.
Page 47: Justification for Case-Control Studies
Presents conditions when it’s preferable to use a case-control study as opposed to a cohort approach due to economic, timeline, and disease rarity considerations.
Page 48: Case-Control Study Process Overview
Outlines key steps including defining hypotheses, source population identification, case selection, and exposure ascertainment.
Page 49: Case Selection Strategy
Emphasizes the accuracy needed in case definitions and identification methods for research integrity.
Page 50: Control Selection and Criteria
Details importance of selecting control group reflecting the source population, independent of exposure influence.
Page 51: Controls Identification
Discusses potential sources of controls from nested peer populations, population-based, or specific clinics.
Page 52: Hospital and Clinic-Based Controls
Examines the importance of eligibility criteria and relevance in selecting proper controls from hospital settings.
Page 53: Case-Control Structure Recap
Reiterates the structure organizing cases and controls for data collection and analysis.