9-11

  1. Concepts – mental groupings of similar items → organize knowledge efficiently.

  2. Prototypes – best/most typical example of a concept → used for quick judgments.
    45–46. (Schemas, Assimilation & Accommodation already covered in Group 3)

GROUP 10: Problem-Solving Strategies (3)

  1. Algorithms – step-by-step methods that guarantee a solution → accurate but slow.

  2. Heuristics – mental shortcuts for quick judgments → faster but error-prone.

  3. Mental Sets – using past strategies even if better ones exist → can limit creativity.

GROUP 11: Specific Heuristics (2)

  1. Representativeness Heuristic – judge by similarity to prototype/stereotype → may ignore statistics.

  2. Availability Heuristic – judge by how easily examples come to mind → influenced by memory.