Untitled Flashcards Set

Memorize:  c, the F_g equation Gm1m2/r^2, E = mc², sohcahtoadic, and the parallax equation d=1/p. 1 pc = 3.26 ly. 

Calculations:  Be able to do all calculations found in the worksheet and labs. 

Chapter 3 and Essay 2:  Distances, Gravity, and Motion

Stellar Distances:  What are the 3 ways to directly measure distances to space bodies?  What is parallax (definition, equation, and units) and how is it used to measure distances to stars?  1” and 1 pc.  Limiting parallax angle from Earth?

Gaia satellite.  What is the nearest star?  Tan θ = D/d

Proper motion and its effect.

Who overthrew Aristotle’s flawed concepts of motion?  Galileo was the first to use a _________________________ for observing the heavens and also argued for the ______________________ model.  What evidence (4) did he discover to support this?

  Be able to state and use Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion.  How do Newton’s Laws apply to planetary orbits?  Definition of a force.  Newton developed the first reflecting telescope and contributed important ideas to optics.

  Know that Newton’s Law of Gravitation was the first universal law and is constant.  Be able to calculate the force of gravity.

Know only where K1, K2, and K3 come from and how to use K3.

Closed (2 types) and open orbits (2 types) and their corresponding speeds and energies.  Be able to calculate v_crit and v_esc.  These use only the planet’s mass!

  Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity: MAIN THING: effect of speed on other variables like time and distance  1^st Postulate: no material objects can travel faster than the speed of light   2^nd Postulate: the laws of physics are the same for anyone moving at a constant velocity  How does “fast” relativistic velocity differ from “normal” relative velocity? 10m/s+30m/s=40m/s observed.  What was the result of the Michelson-Morley Experiment? no matter how we try to measure the speed of light, it never changes, ether does not exist

Be able to calculate the Lorentz factor (γ) and use E = mc².  What is time dilation and nature’s speed limit?

GTR is an expanded (generalized) version of STR.  In GTR the force of gravity can be viewed as a warpage/distortion of space-time.  Equivalence principle - if I was in a spacecraft with no windows I would not know if I was on earth or in the spaceship accelerating at 9.8 m/s^2.  Know some proofs of STR  and GTR black holes.

BOTH: GPS

proper motion: gradual shift of stars across the sky

Chapters 4 (ab) and 5:  Know the following terms:  radiation, photon, wavelength, spectrum, nanometer and angstrom.  How is intensity (brightness) determined in wave form?  In particle form?

  What parts of the EM spectrum are able to fully penetrate to the Earth’s surface?  What substances block the shorter wavelengths?  Which block the longer wavelengths?

   Properties of telescopes:  #1 (most important) Light gathering power (LGP). #2 Resolving power (RP).  #3 Magnifying power (MP).  f-ratio (brightness).  RP is the ability to see fine detail or resolving 2 close stars with a given telescope.  Be able to use the equations.  We want a large LGP, a medium_ f-ratio, a small RP, and a _____ MP.

  Primary (objective) lenses and mirrors.  Focal length, seeing, light pollution.

  Refractive and reflective telescopes.

the network of telescopes works to produce a larger effective telescope

Main problem of lenses (2).  4 advantages of reflecting telescopes.  Adaptive optics, CCDs, spectrographs, eyepieces.

  Advantage of arrays of telescopes and multiple mirrors.  Why are telescopes often placed in space (2) atmospheric distortion and to catch different types of light emitted ?

WORKSHEETS:  Gravity and EM Spectrum radio waves and visible light are the only waves that can penetrate the earths surface

LABS:  Labs mostly support the lesson concepts, but here are some other things to know:

  Night Labs:  Know the angular sizes of your finger 1degree, fist 10degree, and spread hand 20degree.

  Mars Orbit Lab:  Describe how Kepler determined the orbit of Mars .  What type of orbit does it have?  elliptical How does one calculate the eccentricity of an orbit? know elliptical orbits and eccentricity stuff  e=c/a a is length of semimajor axis

  Kepler’s Laws Lab:  Be able to perform calculations for period or average distance with K3.  Aphelion point, perihelion point, and motion of objects at these points.  Eccentricity.

k3=tx^2/ax^3=ty^2/ay^3

  Aphelion is furthest (slow), Perihelion is closest (fast)

Parallax Lab:  What relationship should have been found for the angle vs. distance graph? angle was inversely proportional to the distance  Be able to use both equations for calculating size and distance, including trig!

on earth we use: tan(theta)=D/d

Optics & Telescopes Lab:  Is “Dobsonian” a type of telescope or mount? Mount  What does the clock-drive do for a telescope?  What advantages/disadvantages do binoculars have?  Advantage: lightweight, affordable. Disadvantage: low LGP, low magnification. FOV - field of view , be able to list the types of telescopes and telescope mounts. Telescopes: Refractive. Reflective - Mirror. Hybrid. Mount: Alt-az, dobsonian, equatorial.

  Newton’s Laws and Planets:  Which laws were used to calculate the masses of Jupiter and Saturn?  Approximately how many times more massive are they than the Earth?

Jupiter is roughly 300x more massive than earth Saturn is about 1oox more massive