Anatomy and Physiology: Tissues and Organs

Practical Exam Structure:
- Multiple choice, true/false questions: typically $20-30$ questions with several steps.
- Matching: A significant portion, usually $15-20$ questions, primarily focused on terminology and definitions.
- Labeling: Requires identifying structures on models or diagrams. \
  - The instructor often asks for $1-3$ answers per numbered structure. \
  - Emphasis on time spent in lab for labeling practice.
- Microscope Practical: Microscopes will be set up with slides (e.g., letter 'e' slide). \
  - Questions will be asked about the scope itself and the tissues on the slides. \
  - Slides and tissues will be available for examination during study time.
Study Recommendations:
- Thoroughly study PowerPoints.
- If a lecture is incomplete, watch corresponding YouTube videos as anything provided can be on the exam.
- Be mindful of question context (e.g., proximal vs. distal).
Terminology: Stay up-to-date with terminology, especially for matching sections (e.g., "cyte" meaning cell, "chondro" meaning cartilage).

Cell Abundance and Types: The human body contains approximately $50 \times 10^{12}$ cells, comprising about $200$ different cell types.
Tissue Categories: There are four broad categories of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular.
Organs: Defined as structures with discrete boundaries, composed of two or more tissue types.
- Most organs include epithelial tissue, connective tissue (always below epithelial), nervous tissue, and muscular tissue.
Histology: The microscopic study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

Composition: Comprised of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces.
Key Characteristics:
- Avascular: Lacks blood vessels.
- Nourishment: Receives nutrients from the underlying connective tissue.
- Mitotically Active: Undergoes frequent cell division (mitosis) to replace lost cells (e.g., skin cells).
- Minimal Extracellular Tissue: Cells are tightly packed with very little space or matrix between them.
- Basement Membrane: A membrane that separates and anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.
- Apical Surface: The