A&P 1 - Unit 1 Slide Deck (3)

Read the syllabus: Be aware of grading, late work, attendance, extra credit, and policies.
Schedule study time: Aim for 8-10 hours per week (2 hours per day for summer).
Class attendance: Attend all classes and take notes during lectures.
- Notes from lectures present important content not included in slide decks.
- Fill gaps from foundational knowledge from previous courses.
Engage with materials: Utilize the book’s artwork and Guided Notes to interact with lectures.
Study techniques:
- Create flashcards using Unit Study Guides.
- Form study groups for discussions about class content.

Anatomy: Study of structure.
- Gross Anatomy: Large structures visible to the naked eye.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Small structures studied through microscopes (light & electron).
Physiology: Study of function; emphasizes conceptual understanding.

Structure determines function, as seen in the elbow joint.
- Joints such as the elbow (hinge joint) allows for specific movements due to its structure.

Living things exhibit four processes of life requiring energy and organization at different levels.
Work starts at the chemical level (atoms, molecules).

Atoms: Smallest stable units of matter.
Molecules: Formed when atoms bond together.
- Types of bonds include covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.
- Molecular behavior depends on shape and atomic composition (e.g., enzyme function).
Macromolecules: Four primary categories included:
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids

Composed of similar cells performing specific functions.
Four primary types of tissue:
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.
- Connective: Supports, binds, and protects organs (e.g., bone, blood).
- Muscle: Facilitates movement and supports body functions.
- Nervous: Transmits information with neurons and supportive cells.

Composed of two or more tissue types working together to perform specific functions.
Example: Heart contains muscle, epithelial, nerve, and connective tissues.

Multiple organs interact for specific functions; 11 systems in the human body, covered in-depth in A&P 1:
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Maintenance of stable internal environment necessary for survival.
Receptors: Sense changes (stimuli).
Control Center: Processes information and generates decisions.
Effectors: Act on the information received to maintain equilibrium.
Negative Feedback: Common mechanism to counteract changes towards stability.
Positive Feedback: Enhances the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth).

Anatomical Position: Standing with hands at sides, palms forward.
Terms of direction (superior, inferior, etc.) and sectional planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse).

Understanding different types of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions.
Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Life is based on four major macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Proteins: Most abundant organic molecules, formed from amino acids.
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA responsible for genetic information storage and transfer.
Lipids: Fats and oils important for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Passive Transport: Movement without ATP, follows concentration gradient (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis).
Active Transport: ATP required, moves against gradient (ion pumps).
Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk transport mechanisms for large materials.