Gardener S1 Study Guide

Pre-American Rev.

  • French-Indian War
    • After the British won the French-Indian war, the British drew a line from the Appalachian mountains stopping the colonies from moving west.
  • Sugar Act
    • Raised taxes on raw sugar and wine
    • Received little pushback because it is an indirect tax
  • Stamp Act
    • Taxed all printed materials (Stamps, newspapers, deeds)
    • Violated the English Bill of Rights
    • Taxation without representation
  • Protest to the Stamp Act
    • Sons of Liberty: Used violent civil disobedience to protest the Stamp Act
    • Stamp Act Congress: A colonial congress that declared that the colonies should be subject to the same treatment as British Citizens
    • Protests were succesful
  • Repeal of the Stamp Act
    • Declatory Act
    • Britian has the power to tax the colonies
  • Townshend Act
    • Tax on lead, paper, paint, and TEA
    • Completely rejected by the colonies
  • Boston Massacre
    • 10,000 troops were station in Boston to control the restistence
    • Protesters outisde taunted the British soldiers
    • A fight broke out
    • 5 colonist died and six were wounded
    • Caused the British to repeal all taxes except the Townshend tax on tea
  • Gaspee Affair
    • The Gaspee was a ship that stopped all smuggled goods
    • Made colonists feel their rights were being infringed
    • Colonists seized and burned the ship
    • Suspected colonists were sent to Britian for a trial without a jury
  • Commitee of Correspondence
    • Thomas Jefferson sets up a communication system to communicated about what the British are doing throughout the colonies
  • Boston Tea Party
    • Tea Act made British Tea cheaper than the smuggled Dutch tea
    • Allowed the British East India company to sell directly to shopkeepers
    • Angered Bostonians to the point of them throwing 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
  • Intolerable Acts
    • Shut down the Boston Port
    • Let the British Government install their own people into the colonial government
    • Allowed the British to transfer soldiers to Britian for their trial
    • Forced colonists to quarter soldiers
  • First Contenential Congress
    • Pledged loalty to King George III but also said that they were unhappy with the treatment they were recieving
  • Battle of Lexingon and Concord
    • British were going to Concord to take the arms supplies
    • First “Battle” of the Revolution
    • Paul Revere made his famous ride
    • Soldiers moved all of the weapons out of Concord
    • On the soldiers way back, guierella warfare was used to kill off most of the British army
  • Second Contential Congress
    • Created the Contential Army
    • Appointed George Washington as leader
    • Won the Battle of Bunker Hill
      • Stopped the British from seizing territory
    • Maintained peace with the British
  • Common Sense - Tom Paine
    • Made the King the enemy
    • Why should one man rule over perfectly capable colonies?
  • Declaration of Independence
    • Gave justification for separating

Writing of the Constitution

  • Constitutional Convention
  • Delegates kept the meeting secret
    • Virginia Plan
    • 3 branches of government
    • Bicamereal Legestlature
      • House and Senate
    • Representation in both houses would be based on population
    • New Jersey Plan
    • 3 Branches of government
    • Unicameral Legestlature
    • Equal Representation
    • Connecticut Plan
    • A compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia Plan
      • 3 branches of government
      • Bicamerial legislature
    • ⅗ Compromise
    • Slaves counted as ⅗ of a person
    • Country was not “ready” to answer the slavery question
    • Congress Abolished the slave trade
  • Seperation of powers
    • Said that the government should be divided up into three branches
    • Checks and balances were put in place so that one branch would not become to powerful

Constitution

  • Preamble
    • Six reasons for the constitution
    • To set up a central government that works better than the Articles of Confederation
    • To ensure all people are created equal
    • To keep peace among the states
    • To provide defense against possible invasions
    • To work for the good of the country
    • To protect the rights of its citizens
  • Article 1
    • House of Representatives
    • Representatives are elected every 2 years
    • Must be 25
    • Must be a citizen of the U.S. for 7 years
    • Resident from the state you are elected from
    • 435 members today
    • Senate
    • Each state gets two senators
    • Must be 30
    • A citizen for 9 years
    • Elected every 6 years
    • ⅓ of the Senate goes for reelection every 2 years
    • Vice President is the president of the Senate
  • Article 2
    • Sets up the President
    • Must be 35
    • Natural born citizen
    • A resident for 14 consecutive years
    • Sets up the Electoral College
    • Set a buffer between the people and the government
    • Each state gets electors based on the number of Representatives + the number of Senators
    • The Electors vote the Monday after the election
    • Half the total number of electors plus one are required for a win
      • 530 electors in total, 270 are required to win
    • Article 3
    • Sets up the Supreme Court
    • Article 4
    • States must recognize the laws of other states
    • Article 5
    • Sets up the process of amending the constitution
    • Article 6
    • Supremacy Clause
      • Federal laws rule over state laws
    • Article 7
    • Once 9/13 states ratify the constitution it will become law
    • People who agreed with ratification were called federalists
    • People who disagreed with ratification were called anti federalists
    • Ammendment 1
    • Freedom of speech
    • Freedom of Religon
    • Freedom of press
    • Freedom of assembly
    • Freedom of information
    • Ammendment 2
    • Right to bare arms
    • Ammendment 3
    • No quartering of troops
    • Ammendment 4
    • No unresonable search and seizure
    • Ammendment 5
    • Due proccess, No Double Jepoardy
    • Sixth Ammendment
    • Trial by jury
    • Seventh Ammendment
    • Civil Trial
    • Eighth Ammendment
    • No cruel and unusual punishment
    • Ninth Ammendment
    • Protection of rights not enumerated in the Contitution
    • Tenth Ammendment
    • Power not given to the Federal government is given to the people

Early Republic

  • Hamiltons Financial Plan
    • Establish a national bank
    • Pay back all bonds
  • Madisons opposition
    • Only the speculators benefit from Hamiltons plan
  • Enumerated Powers
    • Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution
  • Implied powers
    • Necessary powers not listed in the Constitution
  • Whiskey Rebellion
    • Farmers attacking tax collectors collecting tax on whiskey
    • Washington sent 15,000 troops to quell the riots
  • Alien and Sedition Acts
    • Raised resdency requierments from 5 to 14 years
    • Allowed the President to deport aliens
  • Lousiana Purchase
    • Land bought from Napoleon for $18 million
  • War of 1812
    • War against the British
    • War Hawks
    • Government Officials calling for war
    • U.S. tries to take Canada
    • Treaty of Ghent
    • Ended the war of 1812
  • Era of Good Feeling
    • The time period when the country wanted unity
  • Jackson Invades Florida
    • Jackson takes Florida without approval and wins
  • Monroe Doctrine
    • Any foregin attempt to interfere with U.S. politics is hostile
  • Missouri Compromise
    • Maine and Missouri are non-slave states
    • Slavery is outlawed above the 36 30 line
  • American System
    • Henry Clay
    • Pass high tariffs to protect American businesses

Civil War

  • Lincoln was elected in 1860
    • 7 slave states succeded from the Union
    • Florida
    • Mississippi
    • Texas
    • South Carolina
    • Alabama
    • Georgia
    • Louisana
  • Attack on Fort Sumnter
    • Confederate Soldiers attacked the Fort
    • First “Battle” of the civil war
    • Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers to end the rebellion
    • Upper South succeed
    • Virginia
    • Tennessee
    • North Carolina
    • Arkansas
  • Strengths of the South
    • Strong Leaders: Robert E Lee
    • Experience with horses and weapons
    • Strong beliefs about fighting to protect land
    • ONLY NEED TO HOLD ONTO LAND
  • Strengths of the North
    • Strong government: Abraham Lincoln
    • Large population
    • Money
    • Factories
    • Railroads
  • Anoconda Plan
    • The Norths plan to fight the South
    • Tried to do three things
    • Blockade Southern ports
    • Take the Missisipi
    • Capture Richmond
  • South was successful only in the early part of the war
  • Battle of Antieam
    • Bloodiest day in American History
    • Union wins
  • Emancipation Proclamation
    • Written because of the win at Antieam
    • Freed slaves in the CSA
    • Reasons for writing
    • Made the war about the slavery question and saving the Union
    • Once the slaves were free from the South, production would decrease
    • Bolstered the Souths attempt to get help from Britian and France
  • Battle of Gettysburg
    • North won the battle
    • South lost so badly that they could not continue to fight
    • War went on for two more years after
  • Total war was declared and the Union chased the South back
  • Shermans March at see
    • Destroyed 14 cities
  • The Union captured Richmond
  • Surrender at Appatomox
    • South must give up their weapons
    • Horses and Mules could be kept
    • Southern officers could keep swords, pistols, and horses
    • Troops would be fed