Exploration and Colonization Notes

  • Unit 1 - Exploration & Colonization
    • New World Beginnings
    • Feudalism: Social structure based on wealth (King, knights, peasants).
    • Capitalism: Private ownership where the free market controls production via supply and demand.
      • Adam Smith: Father of capitalism; wrote Wealth of Nations.
    • Scientific Revolution: Invention and developments in religion and other areas.
    • Developments: Ships, food, navigation, medicine.
    • Cartographers: Map makers.
    • Navigation Tools:
      • Compass
      • Astrolabe: Used stars to plot position.
      • Caravel: Ship with three masts and a triangular sail, guns, and cannons; could sail into the wind.
    • Divine Right of Kings: Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.
    • Absolutism: Political system with a ruler holding total power.
    • Absolute Monarch: Ruler with complete authority over government.
    • Holy War: Crusades to spread religion, trade, and politics.
    • Nation States: Kings and Queens develop countries with defined borders.
    • Nationalism: Ultra-patriotism.
    • European Nations: Start creating identities.
    • Printing Press: Spread messages and propaganda.
    • Age of Discovery: Spread power, get resources, spread religion.
    • Age of Exploration: Wealth, new routes, spread faith.
    • Turks and Trade Routes: Controlled taxes on trade routes.
    • Sea Transportation: Faster, less expensive, less dangerous.
    • Top 4 Countries in the Age of Discovery:
      • Portugal
      • Spain
      • England
      • France
    • Portugal:
      • Bartolomeu Dias: Reached South Africa.
      • Vasco de Gama: Reached India.
    • Spain:
      • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella: Spread Catholicism.
      • Christopher Columbus: Discovered the Americas.
      • Ships: Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina.
      • Encounter with Taino People: Columbus called them “Indians” because he thought he was in the Indies.
    • Columbian Exchange: Trade between the New World and Europe.
    • Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain.
    • Encomienda System: Introduced by the Spanish; exploitative labor system.
    • Bartolome de las Casas: Spanish priest who opposed the Encomienda system.
    • English Colonization
    • Bartolome de las Casas & Encomienda System: Reference to the Spanish system.
    • St. Augustine, FL (1565): Oldest European settlement.
    • Spain vs. Portugal: Spain becomes more powerful.
    • Spain and England: Initially allies, then enemies after King Henry VIII's divorce.
    • England becomes Protestant: Shift in religious affiliation.
    • JFK: First Catholic president of the United States.
    • English Sea Dogs:
      • Sir John Hawkins
      • Sir Francis Drake: Attacked Spanish shipping.
      • Sir Walter Raleigh
    • Virginia: Named after Queen Elizabeth by Sir Walter Raleigh.
    • Roanoke: First attempted English colony; failed.
      • Raleigh sent about 100 men, then left.
      • Spanish Armada: Spain attacks England in 1587.
    • English Channel Storm: Storm aids English victory.
    • England Defeats Spanish Armada: Becomes world's hegemon.
    • Roanoke's Fate: John White finds it deserted with “CROATOAN” engraved.
    • Roanoke: Known as the Lost Colony.
    • Richard Hakluyt: Advocated Queen's financing of colonies.
    • Joint Stock Companies: Financed Virginia colonies; Virginia Company was the main company.
    • Charter: Legal permission from monarch to establish a colony, granting settlers rights of citizens.
    • Primogeniture: Oldest son gets entire inheritance, motivating rich younger sons to seek fortune in America.
    • Jamestown: Oldest permanent English settlement.
      • Named after King James I.
      • Established May 24, 1607.
      • Swampland, mosquitoes, diseases, hot climate.
      • Captain John Smith: Saved by Pocahontas (daughter of Powhatan chief).
    • John Smith: First savior of Jamestown, imposed work ethic.
    • Starving Time (1609-1610): Only 60 of 400 colonists survived.
    • Lord De La Warr: Arrived in 1610 with new ships, new governor.
    • English vs. Tribes: Fighting ensues.
    • Pocahontas: Marries John Rolfe.
    • John Rolfe: Second savior, introduced tobacco.
    • Tobacco: Leading cash crop of Virginia.
    • 1619: Dutch ship arrives with 20 Africans.
    • House of Burgesses: Start of Democracy.
    • 1619: Slavery and democracy begin in Virginia.
    • King James I: Hated tobacco and representative government, canceled Virginia Colony in 1624.
    • Jamestown: Becomes a royal colony.
    • Protestant Reformation & Pilgrims
    • Protestant Reformation (1517-1650):
      • Protest = to object.
      • Reform = to change for the better.
      • Objected to practices of the Catholic Church as an attempt to reform it.
    • Corrupt Leadership:
      • Bad popes.
      • Issues in Lower Clergy: Bad priests, bad punishments.
      • Purgatory: Questioned afterlife belief.
      • Obsession over relics: Advertisement to attract people.
    • Selling Indulgences: Paying for prayer; scam for money.
    • Printing Press: Spread religious beliefs.
    • Martin Luther: Started Protestant Reformation.
      • Catholic Priest: Knew bible.
      • 95 Theses: Problems nailed to Wittenberg church door.
      • Belief: God's word only in the bible.
      • 1521: Pope Leo X declared Luther a Heretic, excommunicated him.
      • Luther An Outlaw: Stops being Catholic.
      • Starts Lutheran Church: Alternatives of Christianity.
    • John Calvin: 2nd major figure.
      • Followers: Calvinism.
      • Source of Truth: Bible.
      • Predestination
    • Calvinism Points (TULIP):
      • T: Total Depravity.
      • U: Unconditional Election.
      • L: Limited Atonement.
      • I: Irresistible Grace.
      • P: Perseverance of the Saints.
    • Visible Saint: Conversion experience.
    • Puritan Theology:
      • Predestination: God knows who goes to heaven/hell.
    • Church of England (Anglican Church):
      • Monarchs are pope of the church.
    • Puritans: want to purify the church.
    • Separatists (Pilgrims) want to separate form the church.
      • forces out of England
    • Pilgrims:
      • religious freedom in Holland then to America
      • Coming as family units.
      • Myles Standish: Military leader.
      • Christopher Jones: Captain.
      • Pilgrims and strangers.
      • Massachusetts bay.
      • Plymouth colony.
      • Small community of Separatists stay in Plymouth colony (starving time).
    • Squanto and Samoset save them.
    • First Thanksgiving
    • Beaver and bible
    • Comparison Chart: Jamestown vs. Plymouth
    • Location:
      • Jamestown: Virginia.
      • Plymouth: Massachusetts Bay.
    • Characteristics:
      • Jamestown: Warm climate, fertile soil, swampy, malaria..
      • Plymouth: Colder climate with four seasons; coastal.
    • Reasons Founded:
      • Jamestown: To make money.
      • Plymouth: Religious freedom for Pilgrims; money for strangers.
    • Early Setbacks:
      • Jamestown: Starving Time.
      • Plymouth: Harsh winter, starving time, hunger, disease.
    • Government:
      • Jamestown: House of Burgesses, democracy, royal colony later.
      • Plymouth: Mayflower Compact.
    • Interactions with Native Americans:
      • Jamestown: Often in conflict, Pocahontas saved John Smith.
      • Plymouth: Some Natives lived with them, good relationships.
    • Successes:
      • Jamestown: First successful European colony; tobacco.
      • Plymouth: Beaver and the Bible.
    • New England Colonies
    • Massachusetts Bay Colony:
      • Pilgrims were Separatists.
      • Puritans wanted to purify religion.
      • Citizens were attacked by conservatives.
      • 1630: 1000 people in 11 ships = Great Migration.
      • Puritans went to Caribbean for sugar and wealth.
      • Puritan Migration (1629-1640).
    • John Winthrop: Leader of Massachusetts Bay.
      • “We shall be as a city on a hill…”
      • Wants to make a godly society.
      • “A Model of Christian Charity” aboard the Arbella.
      • “City Upon a Hill”: Puritan vision of progress.
    • Theocracy: Based on religion.
    • MA Bay Colony: were were prosperous, no struggles
    • Boston becomes capital of MA Bay (Government).
    • Congregational Church: Tax-supported, self-governing.
    • General Court in Boston: Patriarchal society.
    • Government purpose: Enforce “God’s Laws.”
    • 40% of adult men ruled.
    • Ministers: Influential but not absolute power.
    • Congregation: Adult male church members could hire, fire, provide salary, no political office.
    • Puritans enjoyed “Simple Pleasures” (Ate, drank, sang, monogamous love).
    • Blue Laws: Strict, from General Church.
    • Puritan Work Ethic.
    • Troublemakers:
      • Anne Hutchinson: if saved, don't follow laws.
      • Banished, family killed by Natives.
      • Roger Williams: Separatist, banished.
      • Roger Williams
        • political freedom
        • Moved to Rhode Island.
        • RI sewer (Where people that have had problems other places end up)
    • Connecticut
    • Founder: Thomas Hooker (1636).
    • Left MA Bay because laws too strict.
    • Hartford: Center of Connecticut.
    • Non-church members could vote.
    • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639):
      • First written constitution in the world.
    • New Hampshire
    • Founder: John Mason.
    • Fishing colony.
    • Joined Massachusetts.
    • Became a royal colony.
    • Maine is NOT one of the 13 colonies, Massachusetts runs Maine until 1820.
    • Middle Colonies (British North America)
    • New York (1626)
    • Delaware (1638)
    • New Jersey (1664)
    • Pennsylvania (1682)
    • Mixture of New England and Southern colonies.
    • New York:
      • Originally New Netherland and the capital: New Amsterdam
      • Founded by the Dutch.
      • From the Netherlands.
      • 1600s: Golden age of Dutch.
      • World’s largest merchant marine (Trade ships).
      • Originally under control of Spain.
      • Expand their commercial and naval power to become a leading colonial power.
      • Dutch East India Company became powerful.
      • Amsterdam busiest/richest city in Europe.
    • Henry Hudson:
      • passage.
      • Claims Hudson River for Dutch.
      • Dutch West India Company (Trade in the Americas).
      • Cost: $24 to buy Manhattan.
    • New Amsterdam leadership: Cruel, bad leaders.
    • Religion: Protestant followed.
    • Partoon: People who get land if they help 50 people settle.
    • Middle Colonies are far more diverse than other colonies (Polyglot) Heterogeneity
    • New Netherland becomes a “cosmopolitan” seaport town
    • Large group of Jewish came
    • Leaders were called Directors-General
    • harsh to Natives, constructed a wall to keep natives out
    • The New York Stock Exchange
    • Used a lot of slave labor to construct New Netherlands
    • Sweden to America- Establish New Sweden
    • Peter Stuyvesant: governor of New Netherlands and take out the swedes
    • Swedish brought log cabins to America
    • Interregnum Period:
      • Puritan Rule under Oliver Cromwell (Slow Colonization).
      • Civil War in England.
      • King Charles I beheaded. Restoration Period.
      • King Charles II starts Restoration Period.
      • He decides to offer New Netherlands to his brother James, Duke of York
      • Connect the colonies, take Dutch, He took over weaker people and took the land.
      • English naval squadron of 4 ships
      • The English now control most of the Atlantic coastline.
    • Pennsylvania
    • Quakers: Extreme church, treat women equal, tolerant.
    • Beliefs: No bible needed (“Inward light”).
    • William Penn: Becomes a Quaker.
    • Land: King owed William Penn a lot of money so the King offers him a bunch of land instead, best farmland in the 13 colonies.
    • Philadelphia: Capital of the colony.
    • Advertisement: Pennsylvania well advertised.
    • Natives: Treated natives well.
    • Scotch-Irish people: Caused problems and stole land.
    • First abolitionists, They start stealing land from the Natives
    • Carteret (E Jersey) + Berkeley (W Jersey)
    • New Jersey
      • Becomes a royal colony in 1702
      • Religious freedom, duke of assembly
    • Delaware
    • Extension of Pennsylvania. Governed by Pennsylvania until American Revolution.
    • Southern Colonies
    • Virginia (most dominant).
    • Maryland (1632)
    • Lord Baltimore Cecilius Calvert, run by a person
      • Run by Cecilius Calvert Calvert named after wife of King Charles i. Colony for catholics to live
      • Over time, there were more protestants (poor families) than catholics (rich plantation owners/merchants)
        -Protestants come to get rich from tobacco
        -They start bring in indentured servants to work in their tobacco plantations
        -Maryland Act Of Toleration 1649 (all christians have freedom of Religion
        -Non christians in Maryland were given the death penalty
    • West Indies
      -Sugarcane
      Processing/Refining the “Rich Man’s Crop” on large plantations
      -Barbados Slave Code 11661 (if the slave wasn't doing what their masters wanted, they could kill them)
      -Slaves were seen as Property
      -The West Indies became a slave-testing ground, + smaller farmers moves to the mainland to export food there
    • Restoration Colonies
      -Colony want to rule everything colony
      -Carolina eight men who helped Charles Ii
    • South Carolina
      -Constantly Trading with the English colony in the West Indes, Gets on with the slave trade, Constal tribes where annihilated, Rice becomes the leading cash crops in sc, English was also big crop that was utilized
      -Spanish-Florida and Protest SC have man disputes aristocratic (wealthy individuals) but had Religious Toleration. wealth individuals
      -religious Toleration, the french Huguenots (protestants) came to south Carolina for religious Freedom
    • North Carolina -Misfits outcasts formed by small-farming VA Discontents that acted like “Squatters” (no legal right to the soil)
      • the were poor farmerNon religious, hospitable to pirates, Resistance to authority
        -Officially Separated From South Colina Establishes 1712 want to make money from natives, Seen as the swer of the south (Wike rode island) the (like Rhode island)
        -the misfitcoutcasts
        -geogia George 1773
    • Georgia (1733)
      -Last the colonies the Buffer Colony Buffer colony protect the rich guys from attacks from natives spanish. buffer Spanish Natives
      -The English emptied tier prisons and put all the prisoners in Geori, Named after King Georgi ii, launched launched by a group of philanthropist it would also serve as haven for debtors
      -james Olenthorpe become the military leader, like the governor, he Lost all of his money to save Georgia all other christians except catholics ware allowed. savanna itha chareston became a melting-pot commmunity
      -peoplet Don't Want To go to goeriga because It was verry out and unhealthy Clomatee, Georgia we a Very Dansers place.
  • Ch. 4: American Life in the 17th Century (Southern Colonies)
    -Three types of colony
    -Royal Colonies (King Appointed the governorPropriety colonies (small group as authority Jont Stock company Colonies (Business setup and in charge
    -goeria Dosone exsit in early colonial period
    -Crevecoeur (Author) what then is this new man the american In the book Letter From An American Farmer
    -american culture Was Wasip White Anglo-saxon (White from North Western Europe who practiced
    Protestonsm
    -southern Colony 3 parts the costal plan side Side water Chesapeal day
    -virginia and Maryland
    -the Low Comery North Corina south Carolina Evenvally Georgia
    -the Back Commery mount folk
    -Appalatian mount People
    -unhealthy Chesapeake VA and Miany DoA (dead and arrival disease
    took Towol on Topulatong Calced region tour slowly, men out Numbered woman 6-1
    -hard Toform families eventually resstane to asseme persente of more woman Aloudregion population store
    lifestecutcy cut 10 Years few lived to be to 40-50 yrs had ded by 20 Years Old Grew Slowly
    -a Lot of early childhoodpregnances
    -disease: malaria, dysentery, Typholid
    -virginia Was Mont population colony 54000 by Lady 1600 is
    -high Infant Mortality hate Very Forfile family structure The Chesapeake
    -was not great for humans but was for Tobacco Preindustrial agrarion eonm4ion
    -poons be Year By 1700 teanreallstent for every toead that is Brought over is they area geven 50 acher of land
    -the Heachent systems to bring labor to celomys the senders bonded for a period 15%7 Years of the senders Were
    -given Land Tous See and arimal
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