Lab practical 2

BIOLOGY 1406 LAB PRACTICAL II REVIEW

Mitosis and Meiosis

1. Stages of Mitosis: The four stages of mitosis are:
      - Prophase
      - Metaphase
      - Anaphase
      - Telophase

2. Cleavage Furrow Formation: In Mitosis, the cleavage furrow starts to form during Telophase in animal cells.

3. Definition of Meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

4. Definition of Mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical cells.

5. Stages of Meiosis: The stages of Meiosis include:
      - Prophase I
      - Metaphase I
      - Anaphase I
      - Telophase I
      - Prophase II
      - Metaphase II
      - Anaphase II
      - Telophase II

Genetics and Chromosomes

10. Chromatin Definition: DNA that is uncoiled and spread out in long thin strands through the nucleus is called Chromatin.

11. Dominant Allele: A dominant allele is an allele that shows up when it is present in an organism.

12. Punnett Square Definition: A chart used to show all possible combinations that may result from a genetic cross is called a Punnett Square.

13. Function of mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized using a DNA template and specifies the structure of the protein that will be made.

14. Phenotype Definition: The physical appearance of a living thing is described by Phenotype.

Bacteria and Nutrition

4. Shapes of Bacteria: The three common shapes of bacteria are:
      - Coccus (spherical)
      - Bacillus (rod-shaped)
      - Spirillum (spiral-shaped)

5. Autotroph Definition: An autotroph is an organism that manufactures its own food from inorganic substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.

6. Heterotroph Definition: A heterotroph is an organism that cannot manufacture its own food and instead obtains its food and energy by taking in organic substances.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

18. RNA Participation: The process that requires the participation of all three types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA) is Translation.

19. Translation Location: Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

20. Transcription Location: Transcription takes place in the nucleus.

21. Replication Location: Replication takes place in the nucleus.

22. tRNA Function: The type of RNA that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis is tRNA.

23. Start Codon: The sequence for the start codon is AUG.

24. Step of Translation: The step of translation in which amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide chain is called elongation.

Genetic Crosses and Probability

19. Probability of Attached Earlobes (Heterozygous Parents): If both individuals are heterozygous for attached earlobes, the chance that their child will have the attached earlobe trait is 75%.

20. Probability of Attached Earlobes (One Heterozygous, One Homozygous): If one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous for attached earlobes, the chance of having a child with the attached earlobe trait is 100%.

Cellular Processes

30. Cytokinesis Definition: Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm that occurs after mitosis and meiosis, resulting in the separation of the two daughter cells.

31. Purines Definition: Purines are nitrogenous bases that include Adenine and Guanine.

32. Pyrimidines Definition: Pyrimidines are nitrogenous bases that include Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

33. Base-Pair Definition: A base-pair is a pair of nitrogenous bases that connect complementary parts of the DNA or RNA strands.

34. Cell Plate Definition: A cell plate is formed during plant cell division and is the precursor to the cell wall.

Molecular Biology Concepts

35. DNA to RNA to Protein: DNA goes through Transcription to produce RNA, which goes through Translation to produce protein in the ribosomes.

36. Mitosis Outcome: In mitosis, the parent cell produces daughter cells which have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

37. Cleavage Furrow Definition: A cleavage furrow is the indentation that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells as the cell prepares to separate.

38. Transcription Process: During transcription, DNA in the nucleus is used to make messenger RNA (mRNA).

39. Translation Process: During translation, mRNA is sent out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where the code is read to synthesize proteins.

Chromosomes and DNA

41. Definition of Meiosis Revisited: Meiosis is a division process that results in daughter cells with half the genetic makeup as the parent cell, producing haploid cells.

42. Chromosome Count Post Mitosis: After mitosis, daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

43. Adenine and Cytosine Pairing: Adenine in the DNA template is paired with Uracil when transcribed to RNA, and Cytosine is paired with Guanine.

Phenotypes and Genotypes

45. Phenotype Definition Revisited: Phenotypes are the set of genes that are expressed or observed.

46. Genotype Definition: Genotypes are the set of genes that an organism carries, not necessarily expresses.

47. Chromosome Duplication Result: Chromosome duplication produces sister chromatids.

48. Connecting Chromosomes: A structure called a centromere connects two chromosomes to make a sister chromatid.

49. Truth Statement about DNA Replication: DNA replication is semi-conservative. (True)

50. Truth Statement about DNA Strands: DNA strands are antiparallel. (False)

51. Chromosome Sets in Humans: In humans, somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes (diploid).

52. Microtubules in Mitosis and Meiosis: The two structures (microtubules) used to pull the chromosomes apart in mitosis and meiosis are spindle fibers and centrioles.

53. Gene Position: The position of a gene is called its locus.

54. Chromosome Sets in Haploid Cells: Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes.

55. Products of Meiosis: Meiosis cell division produces four haploid gametes in diploid organisms.

56. Chromosome Synapsis Phase: Chromosomes synapse during Prophase I of meiosis.

57. Plate Name During Metaphase: In both mitosis and meiosis, the plate where chromosomes meet in the middle is called the Metaphase plate.

Electrophoresis and Genetics

58. DNA Movement in Electrophoresis: In the electrophoresis experiment, the DNA traveled towards the positive pole.

59. Largest DNA Fragment Position: Larger DNA fragments are closest to the negative pole in the electrophoresis experiment.

60. Truth Statement about Type O Blood: A person with type O blood can have a mother with type A blood and a father with type B blood. (True)

DNA Technology

61. Purpose of Restriction Enzymes: In DNA technology, restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA molecule in specific places.

62. Daughter Cells in Meiosis: Meiosis produces four daughter cells.

63. Offspring Phenotypes (Heterozygous Parents): A heterozygous male with blood type A mating with a heterozygous female with blood type B can produce offspring phenotypes of 25% AB, 25% B, 25% A, and 25% O.

64. Crossing Over Phase: Crossing over occurs during Prophase I of meiosis.

65. Genetic Code Sequence Unit: The sequence of DNA or mRNA that is the basic unit of the genetic code and specifies an amino acid or termination sequence is called a codon.

66. Components of DNA Molecule: The three components of the DNA molecule are:
       - Phosphate group
       - 5-carbon sugar
       - Nitrogenous base

67. Unique Gametes from Independent Assortment: An individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE could produce 8 unique gametes through independent assortment.

68. Study of Inheritance: The study of inheritance is called Genetics.

69. ABO Gene System Alleles: The ABO gene system is different than other gene systems in that it has three alleles.

70. Allele Definition: An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene found at the same place on a chromosome.

71. Homozygous Condition Definition: A genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents is called homozygous.

72. Dominant-Recessive Gene Pair Definition: This refers to a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive. (Heterozygous)

73. Plasmid DNA Usage: Plasmid DNA is used from bacteria and cut with restriction enzymes in molecular biology techniques.

74. Four Bases in DNA: The four bases in DNA are:
       - Adenine
       - Thymine
       - Cytosine
       - Guanine

75. Offspring Phenotypes (Homozygous Parents): A homozygous male with blood type A mating with a homozygous female with blood type B will produce 100% offspring with the phenotype AB.

Chromosome Behavior in Meiosis

76. Synapsis Process: When chromosomes synapse, homologous chromosomes come together as pairs, allowing for genetic recombination.

77. Genetic Material Exchange: Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

78. Truth Statement about Blood Type O Child: A blood type A father and a blood type B mother can produce a blood type O child. (True)

79. Truth Statement about Total Chromosomes: You have 46 total chromosomes (23 pairs), not 23. (False)

Lab Techniques and Chromatography

80. Zone of Inhibition in Disinfectant Test: The clear area around the paper discs soaked in disinfectant/antiseptics is called the zone of inhibition.

81. Daughter Cells in Mitosis: Mitosis produces two daughter cells.

82. Phase Before Prophase in Mitosis: The phase that comes before Prophase in Mitosis is Interphase.

83. Subphases of Interphase: The subphases of Interphase include:
       - G1 Phase (initial growth)
       - S Phase (DNA synthesis)
       - G2 Phase (preparation for mitosis)

84. G1 Phase Function: In the G1 phase, the cell starts to grow in size and prepares for DNA replication.

85. S Phase Function: In the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, and the cell has a double set of DNA at the end of this phase.

86. G2 Phase Function: In the G2 phase, the cell prepares for imminent division.

87. DNA Copy Characteristics: DNA replication makes a semi-conservative copy of the DNA strand, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand.

88. Definition of Homologous Chromosomes: Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes that contain the same type of information, one inherited from each parent.

89. Molecular Cloning Definition: The process that uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA from one organism and insert it into the DNA of another organism is known as molecular cloning.

Bacteria Structure and Behavior

90. Gram Stain Result: If the bacteria are purple in color, they are considered gram-positive bacteria.

91. Crystal Violet Retention in Gram Negative: Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet/iodine complex because of their thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

92. Crystal Violet Retention in Gram Positive: Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet/iodine complex due to the thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

Chromatography in Photosynthesis

Chromatography Questions

93. Total Length of Plasmid DNA: If the total length of the plasmid DNA is represented in the figure, the total length could be 5,500 Kb.

94. Restriction Sites for Hind III Digest: The number of restriction sites present for the single digest of Hind III could be 2.

95. Fragments from Single Digest of Hind III: The number of fragments produced from the single digest of Hind III could be 2.

96. Fragments from Double Digest: The number of fragments produced from the double digest could be 3.

Mitosis Phase Identification

97. Metaphase Image Identification: Determine which image represents metaphase.

98. Telophase Image Identification: Determine which image represents telophase.

99. Prophase Image Identification: Determine which image represents prophase.

100. Anaphase Image Identification: Determine which image represents anaphase.

101. Chromosome Count in Given Image: Assess the number of chromosomes present in the image in number 1, which may be 4.

102. Plate Name in Given Image: Determine the name of the plate represented by number 5, which could be metaphase plate.

103. Structure Identification: Identify the structure represented by number 6, which could be a spindle fiber.

104. Structural Identification in Mitosis: Identify the structure represented by number 7, which could be identified as centrioles.

105. Collective Structure Name: Identify the collective structure represented by numbers 7 and 8, which could be referred to as centrosomes.

Photosynthesis and Pigments

111. Most Polar Pigment: The most polar pigment is likely Chlorophyll a.

112. Smaller Size Pigment: The pigment smaller in size could be Carotene.

113. Glucose Conversion for Storage: During photosynthesis, glucose is converted to Starch for storage.

114. Used Pigments for Photosynthesis: The pigments that are involved in photosynthesis include:
        - Chlorophyll a
        - Chlorophyll b
        - Carotene
        - Xanthophyll
        - All the above.

115. Purpose of Filters in Geranium Leaf Experiment: The purpose of attaching filters and aluminum foil to the Geranium leaf is to block light.

116. Primary Photosynthetic Molecule: The pigment that acts as the primary photosynthesis molecule in a photosystem is Chlorophyll a.

117. Molecule Height on Chromatography Paper: The higher up the chromatography paper a molecule is, the more it is likely to be non-polar and smaller in size.

118. Molecule Height on Chromatography Paper: The lower on the chromatography paper a molecule is, the more it is likely to be polar and larger in size.

119. Photosynthesis Blockage with Filters: Photosynthesis does not occur under the green and aluminum foil filters.