20230207 Notes.docx

Slavery/Immigration & French and Indian War - HIST 1050

Enlightenment* * Started in Europe and spread to the colonies * Influenced the revolutionary war in the colonies and was very important to American history * Key ideas were to move away from Authoritarian government, religious tolerance, importance of education, and a focus on science and rational thought
Important thinkers of Enlightenment* * Thomas Paine, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin
Key concepts of Enlightenment* * Deism * Understanding of God and religion without formal ceremony or doctrine; viewed as kinder instead of harsher * Liberalism * Inherent rights of humans and Government should rely on the consent of the People * Republicanism * A nation should be governed as a republic; an elected government instead of an inherited one * Conservatism * Realistic implementation of Enlightenment ideas; like how to represent the people without full consent of every individual (had to find a compromise) * Tolerance * Aversion to hatred based on religion or race (inhibited trade, free thought, and trade of ideas); tolerance to all except for some was how it was actually implemented * Scientific Progress * Humans should find out about how natures law and God interacted; worked well with Deism (Benjamin Franklin for example was a Deist and a Scientist)
Great Awakening (1720s-1740s) * Renewal of religious awakening (religious revival basically) * Increased religious fervor and increased involvement in faith * Called the Revival as-well * Response to Secularness of society and existence of churches then * Preachers used drama and the idea of sinfulness and forgiveness * Many preachers still believed in predestination, however
George Whitefield * One of the most influential preachers during the Great Awakening * Anglican Preacher, gave amazing/ drama filled sermons, beginning in London * Met John and Charles Wesley in college, they would soon establish the Methodist religion
French and Indian War (1754-1763) * Started as a conflict between the French and the British (due to land ownership for the most part) * British claimed parts that the French viewed as theirs, and vice versa * French traded with the Native Americans which worried the British
Ohio Company of Virginia * Established by the crown to buy land and resell it to settlers, which the French claimed to own * Because of this, British built forts to dissuade the French from interjecting * Established Fort Duquesne near Pittsburgh
Colonel George Washington * Led by the Iroquois Confederacy (most politically organized and biggest Native American organization) & other British soldiers to Fort LeBeouf to challenge the French * Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora * Eventually withdrew due to being outnumbered by the French
Fort Necessity * Washington took over the militia and established at this fort * Versus Commander Coulon de Jumonville of the French and Indians, which eventually took over the fort and burned it down
Covenant Chain * Agreement between Iroquois and the British, dividing up authority between the two groups (Natives were to be under control of the Iroquois near the colonies and British maintained control of their colonies)
British Parliament members who argued for war with France because of the French and Indian War * William Pitt * Lord Halifax
General Edward Braddock * British General; led a force of 1500 soldiers and Militia against a fort and treated militia members worse than British soldiers (he died in this battle)
Fort Oswego * British forces were forced to surrender to the French
Fort William Henry * British were also forced to surrender here to the French
Seven Years’ War * Also known as the Great War for Empire * British political members viewed the colonies as where the war would be decided (cause they could use the colonies as leverage)
James Abercrombie * Led an army of 12k to attack Fort Ticonderoga * Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Grozon led the French in this fort * Abercrombie led a front on assault that led to most of his force to die, which lead to his inevitable retreat
Tide turned for British once they captured Fort Louisbourg & Fort Frontenac (French forts)
Battle of Quebec * Last battle for the 7 years’ war * Major General James Wolfe & Vice Admiral Charles Saunders attacked the city in Quebec who was defended by Montcolm
François Gaston de Lévis * French commander brought 7k soldiers back to Quebeq against the isolated British soldiers left behind * Battle of Sainte-Foy; British had to retreat inside the city at first but once the British fleet came back, the French had to retreat to Montreal
Treaty of Paris (1763) * Awarded Canada and areas east of the Mississippi to the British from the French * Florida was traded for Cuba (since they lost it during the war) by the Spanish since they were involved
Cherokee War (1759-1761) * Cherokee vs British; used to be an ally but resentment because of British settlers abusing them caused them to break ties
Fort Prince George * Resistance from this fort, which housed militia in NC, caused more settlers to die due to backlash
Governor William Lyttelton * Met with a Cherokee delegation in Charleston, to kidnap them instead of bartering for peace
Battle of Etchoe Pass * Led by Col Archibald Montgomery, had to retreat due to the Natives, but burned 4 native villages * On the second escapade, led by Lt. Col James Grant, he decimated the natives, and a peace treaty was made after this
Pontiac’s War (1763-1766) * Ottawa’s Chief Pontiac started this war due to his views * He knew that their hunting grounds and land would be taken by the British, unlike the French peoples did before the French and Indian War
Fort Detroit * First of the battles during the Pontiac War
Battle of Bloody Run * Led by Captain James Dalyell to attack the Pontiac’s encampment, and the Natives were able to drive off and kill Capt. Dalyell
Colonel John Bradstreet & Colonel Henry Bouquet were sent by the British to oust the Natives, and because the Indians no longer had trade with the French, they were running out of ammo for the fight
Proclamation of 1763 * Made by the British Crown; which was made to protect Native land from future settlement establishment (made to help prevent War) * And any land sale would have to be overseen by the Crown’s government * This also starts to cause resentment for the Crown since they’re telling them where they can settle
Colonists plant exports to keep up with British import wants * Tobacco, Rice, Indigo (Southern Colonies) * Wheat, Cotton (Northern Colonies)
Consumer revolution * Basically raised the standards of living in Britain, but colonists were buying a lot on Credit from the British * Constant wars caused Britain to worry about its finances, which meant it would tax colonists more
Susquehannock * A group of 50 colonists killed 20 Susquehannock * Became known as the Paxton Boys Uprising
Governor John Penn * When discovered, the Governor set an arrest notice for the Paxton Boys, but there was no trial due to the mass support of other colonists for the Paxton Boys