Consonants cont.

  • taps and trills are somewhat related
    • taps / flaps: tongue tip against alveolar ridge, but quicker and sloppier
    • trills: tongue hits top repeatedly. like rolled r [r]
  • oral v nasal stops: when open, the velum allows oral airflow to pass into the nasal cavities
    • unreleased oral stops become nasal stops (air is released through nose)
    • nasals are voiced
    • opening of velum takes a bit of time
    • during opening phase, some airflow is oral, some is nasal
    • vowels before a nasal consonant are always nasalized
  • plosion: articulation where nasals, laterals, and [         ] sounds can serve as a complete syllable without a vowel
    • nasal plosion: sudden v sud-den
    • lateral plosion: little not lit-le
  • affricates: stop closure with a fricative release
  • aspiration: sometimes [p, t, k] are released with much stronger release of air than other times
    • pen, ten, ken
    • when preceded by [s], stops are unaspirated and the sound becomes much softer
    • transcribed as [phen], [then], and [khen]
  • VPM Labels
  1. Voicing - vocal cords vibrating at larynx?
  2. Placing - where is air flow being manipulated?
    • lateral release [l]
    • nasal or oral [m, n, ŋ]
  3. Manner
    • velic port open or closed
    • air stream manipulated
      • full stop
      • narrow / wide channel