AP World - Unit 2

^{UNIT 2:}

^{China -}

• ^{With technological advances and innovation, Chinese civilization experienced many powerful and stable states, cultural and intellectual flowering, and economic growth.}

• ^{Since countries like Japan, Vietnam, and Korea were so close to China, their culture was heavily influenced by that of the Chinese. They borrowed major elements from Chinese culture and thus formed tributary relationships with China.}

• ^Confucianism 

• ^{The Song Dynasty’s years were referred to as the golden age of China as it set the standards for excellence in things such as poetry, landscape painting, and ceramics.}

• ^{The censorate was an agency that surveilled the rest of the government, checking on the character and competence of the public officials. (Watched over 6 ministries which were main parts of the Chinese beauracratic political system)}

• ^{The examination system was a set of rigorous exams, and mostly the men from wealthier backgrounds had access to the education needed to pass this exam, in contrast to those from more common backgrounds were often sponsored, bringing prestige to those who sponsored them when they passed. Only the rich could afford education, so exams favored the rich} 

•  ^{China's growth in population went from being 50-60 million to around 120 million by 1200. This was caused by achieving excellence in agricultural production, such as the adoption of Champa rice and green lentils.}

• ^{The effects of metallurgy was mainly how it increased China's industrial production. This whole industrial process was fueled almost entirely by coal, which provided most of the energy also contributing to the increase of industrial production.}

• ^{China built many waterways such as the  Grand Canal built by the Song connecting the Yellow, and Yangtze Rivers, these waterways facilitated the cheap movement of goods allowing peasants to grow them and then sell them for profit.}

• ^{Chinese taxes Required peasants to either work as laborers or sell their goods, as they could only be paid in cash/silver}

• ^{Masculinity for Chinese men, Instead of being defined by physical capabilities, was more seen through mental and artistic means, such as calligraphy, and corresponding feminine activities to show women's weaknesses.} 

• ^{As the textile industry grew, the demand for weaving increased, thus leading to more women being needed in the economy} 

• ^{Women were restricted to the inner quarters(Confucianism), and this was shown through the act of foot binding They were also empowered as they also found pride through their “beauty” which was solidified through foot binding.}

• ^{Emperor = divine: Mandate of heaven (Bad emperor=natural disaster)}

• ^{Great economy - Market→Growth of cities, Silk Road}

^Korea:

• ^{Korean missions to China's purposes: To acknowledge China's superiority by presenting gifts and performing rituals of submission.}

• ^{Chinese observers saw the rights and privileges of Korean women and thus spread their beliefs about women to Korea, limiting their rights in the same way that they limited Chinese women’s rights.}

• ^{The development of the Korean alphabet allowed them to maintain cultural independence from China} 

^Vietnam: 

• ^{Adopting Confucianism, and the examination system was how they assimilated into Chinese culture} 

• ^{Vietnamese women retained a greater role than that of Chinese women, this even led to the development of female deities and even a female Buddha.}

• ^{Vietnamese maintained cultural independence by defeating China in the Battle of the Bach Dang River}

^Japan:

• ^{The Japanese islands were physically separated from China, thus making it very difficult to invade leading to borrowing cultural elements from the Chinese being voluntary.}

• ^{The height was during the 7th to 9th century, CE, and ended by the 10th century} 

• ^{While had an emperor and a bureaucratic government system that was more organized. While Japan was more chaotic with a ruler who still had still important cultural roles, yet not much power over the whole country.}

• ^{The main religions of Japan at the time consisted of Buddhism and many native beliefs of the people then.}

• ^{While Buddhism did affect much of Japan, it did not fully replace the local beliefs, which involved Kami, human spirits, and much of the paranormal.}

• ^{Japanese women and Korean women both faced the major consequences of Confucianism. Yet, Korean women faced more severe consequences of the religion, such as being restricted to the home and not having control of burial locations. In contrast, Japanese women experienced relatively less severe consequences of the religion, such as beginning to lose their status in the 12th century due to the rise of a warrior religion.}

• ^{Local govs, Daimyo+Samurai (Political rule and military) → Fuedal System such as that in Europe}

• ^{Buddhism was implemented into Samurai for high discipline + morals}  

^{Islam  -}

• ^{Abbasid Caliphate: Arab dynasty that ruled the Islamic world in theory} 

• ^{Seljuk Turk Empire: Empire of the 11th and 12th centuries centered in Persia and modern-day Iraq} 

• ^{Abbasid Caliphate: Built splendid new capital (Bhagdad), Flourished/prosperous, Arrival of Turkish pastoralists fragmented political landscape} 

• ^{Seljuk Turks - Adopted Muslim sultan title (religious + ruler) into Islam, Major expansion of faith and power}

• ^{Ottoman Empire - Huge empire that encompassed most of the Arabian peninsula and deep into southeastern Europe, then to the Middle East, Egypt, and Africa while containing all of the Muslim cultural sophistication, diverse people, economic sophistication, big territory, and long duration in power and wealth.}

• ^{Used ranged weapons and cavalry}

• ^{Showed violence to those of other faiths, and made Islamic rule more systematic, thus only allowing small penetration of Indian society} 

• ^{Most of India was under Muslim rule yet they were unsuccessful at converting the many Hindus, due to separation - Harrowed communities, forceful/violent towards Hindus, concentrated in Bengali/Punjab, Muslim controlled government, Hindus had to pay Jizya} 

• ^{Religion: Sunni vs Shia}

• ^{All Muslims equal} 

• ^{Inquisition → Trade goes down} 

• ^{Al Andalus - the Arabic name for Spain, most of which was conquered by Arab forces} 

• ^{Golden Age of Islam Pros: Agricultural economy, contributions to brilliant cultures/technological advancements, recognition of Muslim culture, Europeans gained Islamic Knowledge, Economic growth, Muslims = traders} 

• ^{House of Wisdom}

• ^{Golden Age of Islam Cons: Restriction of assimilated Arab Christians leading them to be seen as inferior} 

• ^{Most transmission of knowledge was from other books written by other people from other locations(Greece + India)}

• ^{Greek and Roman ideas = Good →Renaissance}

• ^{Caliph - Political ruler} 

• ^{Sultan - Political + religious} 

^{Aztec + Inca:}

• ^{Mesoamerica + Andes had little to no direct contact, shared a rugged mountain range}

• ^{Wind direction blows differently for 2 locations}

• ^{Each location had diverse terrain —> Diverse people and tirbes}

• ^{People grew maize, chili, squash, potatoes}

• ^{Economy based on market change} 

• ^{Both locations practiced very similar religions with similar deities (ritual calendar, human sacrifice), Moon = female(menstruation), Sun= male} 

• ^{People made advanced urban centers with a variety of buildings (Temples, pyramids, palaces, plazas)}

• ^{People made elaborate writing + mathematical systems,}

• ^{Fragmented political systems} 

• ^{Empire(250CE - 900CE)} 

• ^{Aztecs were the last state to emerge before the Spanish conquered the area}

• ^{Aztecs established in Lake Texcoco and were able to build a huge empire through arranged marriages which allowed them to build military power and conquer more of the area, building the empire, led to frequent rebellions} 

• ^{Aztec commercialization: high population → much labor for wealth: Chinampas (Artificial islands used for agriculture)}

• ^{Slaves were used as human sacrifices, which gave power to the sun to provide light against the fight with darkness} 

• ^{The environment offers rivers for cultivation and irrigation}

• ^{Quechua was the native language, The Incan empire was bureaucratic and intrusive: Emperor(Divine being), 80 provinces, different ministries with different functions}

• ^{Diverse empire w/ tribute} 

• ^—

• ^{Incan empire was larger than that of the Aztecs, population data was kept on Quips (Knots)}

• ^{Cultural Integration: Required leaders and their sons to learn the native language, resettled conquered people, required officials to recognize local religious deities(yet free to practice their own faith)}

• ^{Mita: Labor provided by everyone, goes towards bridges and more,}

• ^{Conquered people needed to provide labor, whether military or other functions for state-sponsored projects (rewarded with a  big feast)}

• ^{Incan offered many gender parallelism} 

^Europe:

• ^Crusades 

• ^{Very advanced comparatively - due to the conquering of Rome (also led to much wealth)}

• ^{Church and political systems hold power} 

• ^{Wealth in Church}  

• ^{Architecture + Military were very advanced (Due to the Greeks innovations being stolen by the Romans, and then being exposed when the Roman empire fell)}

^EAST:

• ^{Black Death → Patriarchial, nuns increased church control, decreased labor, and thus increased wages}

• ^{The church has much power and plays referee between rival kings who are part of the same church (the Church has the most power - Caesaropapism/unified)} 

• ^{Fuedal system: Lords, Vessels, Serfs(Backbone of the feudal system)} 

• ^{State with the Church} 

• ^{Bread and wine = blood and flesh of Jesus → Cannibalism criticism}

                        ^WEST:

• ^{Regional + lords work with the church/Fragmented}

• ^{Rome crumbles → Church replaces regional kingdoms due to geography and feudal system} 

• ^{Church - holds power+wealth}