chapter 7-9

Creating the United States of America Test

(Chapter 7, 8, 9)

7.1

The Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments of the Constitution

Added limits to the government’s power

Protected the people (speech, religion, guns, press, trial rights)

7.2

Alexander Hamilton

First secretary of the treasury

Created the national bank (modeled on the Bank of England)

Hamilton’s Plan

Strong central government

A national bank that was modeled after the British system of banks

state debts would be combined into 1 national debt (pay immediately)

High tariffs to help American businesses

Created national mint

How did Hamilton get Jefferson and Madison to agree to Hamilton’s plan?

Moved the capital from Philadelphia to Washington D.C.

Opposition to Hamilton’s plans

The main opposer was James Madison (and Thomas Jefferson)

States with less debt didn’t want to pay taxes to cover other states with larger debts

Some thought that it would give the national government too much power

Thought it was unconstitutional

Wanted the states to have power

The First Bank of the US

A federal mint to create uniform currency

Modeled on the Bank of England

The central bank could make loans

Why were democratic Republicans against the Bank of the US? (why did they cause problems)

Too much power to the northern states

Wasn’t in the Constitution

Designed after the British banks

Hamilton’s Vision vs. Jefferson’s Vision (make sure you understand) pg 209,199

Hamilton: urban, commercial, industrial, strong central government, strong chief executive, loose interpretation of the constitution, favors Britain

Jefferson: hated cities, strict interpretation of the Constitution, hated strong government, favored small government, power in the states, rural, small farmers, favored France

7.3

What was Washington’s biggest problem when he took over as President?

The economy

The western territory (2nd problem)

Washington Tours the Nation

Washington portrayed himself as OF the people

Wanted to introduce himself

Personal for the people (show a legitimate leader)

Treaty of Greenville

Established Native American Reserves

Created a temporary peace

Washington agreed because he was losing the war to the native americans

Native Americans gave up land to settlers

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton’s Idea to tax on Whiskey

Farmers led an armed uprising against the tax (tax collectors were attacked)

Washington led an army with Hamilton to end the uprising; 150 were arrested, and the rest fled.

Citizen Genet Affair

Diplomatic incident; French ambassador Genet tried to stir up military support for the French Revolution among Americans

Washington kicked him out

Led to long-term anti-French sentiment

Jay’s Treaty

Between the US and Britain

Britain agreed to stop messing with other US ships

Didn’t do much

Pinckney’s Treaty

Between the US and Spain

Set up a border in Florida

Federalists

Supported John Adams in 1796 and 1800

Wanted a strong federal government and favored Hamilton’s plan, leaned toward stronger ties with Great Britain

stronger army and navy

Commercial nation (bank, canals, roads)

Sponsored the Alien and Sedition Acts

Antifederalists(Democratic-Republicans)

Started by Jefferson and Madison in response to Hamilton’s plan

The nation’s majority party between 1800 and the 1820s

Wanted a small federal government (states have the power)

less federal involvement in economics, and favored France over Great Britain

Strongly pro-slavery

Weaker's army and navy

Farming nation (agriculture)

Sponsored the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

7.4

XYZ Affair

The French began to capture American merchant ships (converting those boats into war boats for the war)

The French refused the US ambassador, fearing they would encourage Indian attacks.

American diplomats were sent to France

Told American diplomats to pay a bribe before negotiations could start

American diplomats refused to pay the bribe

*Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats

Quasi-War

Undeclared war between France and America

Treaties between the countries were ended

The US Navy grew (created/ re-established the modern-day Marine Corps)

Alien and Sedition Acts (Pg 214)

Made it harder for new immigrants to vote (pro-French)

Crime to criticize the president or Congress

Created to stop the French - created by Adams because he was afraid of the French

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written by Jefferson and James Madison

Criticized the Alien and Sedition Acts - said they were unconstitutional

Asserted the rights of states to defend federal law as null and void within a state

8.1

Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review

Gave the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

Judicial Review

The power of courts to examine the laws and actions of the legislative and executive branches of government to make sure they are constitutional

Checks and balances

8.2

Second Great Awakening

Led to religious gatherings and increased church membership

Baptist and Methodist ministers moved around the country

Began in the 1790s

8.3

The Louisiana Purchase

1803; purchased from France

Doubled the size of the US

Gave the US control of the Mississippi River

Led the US to force Native Americans even further West

Lewis and Clark

Both were amateur scientists and had interacted with Native Americans

Sent out by Jefferson to explore the West

Jefferson wanted a military report, but was it a nature report

Corps of Discovery

Lewis and Clark explored the West

Camped the winter and fed by Native Americans

Reached the Pacific Ocean and spent the winter there

Did not find a large Native American fort or a water route

Sacagawea

Joined the expedition with her newborn child

Helped them communicate with Native Americans and which tribes were friendly

8.4

The War of 1812

Causes of War

*Britain began to stop US merchant vessels to search for British deserters and forced Americans into service (impressment) *

They interfered with trade, which angered Americans

Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, hoping to boycott British goods (prohibited American ships from leaving foreign ports

After realizing that this was suicide for American businesses, Jefferson changed this to just apply to British and French trade (Which still hurt American businesses)

Results of War

Americans are broke, and the New England economy sucks, causing them to think about leaving the U.S.

The US was virtually bankrupt (borrowed $50 million), destroyed economy

*Led to long-lasting peace between the US and Britain*

Hartford Convention

The war devastated New England’s economy (which is dependent on trade)

New England protested the war (considered a succession)

Treaty of Ghent

December 1814

Both sides agreed to the pre-war borders

Britain was winning the war, but wanted to save resources (Napoleon beats the crap out of them)

Britain only pulled back to go fight France

8.5

Adams-Onis Treaty

Between the United States and Spain

America got Florida and rights in the Oregon Territory for 5 million

The US and Britain took joint control over Oregon

The Monroe Doctrine

Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823

The western hemisphere was to be closed off from European interference

9.1

Cotton Gin

Removed seeds from cotton fibers

Created by Eli Whitney

Made cotton farms profitable

Black Belt

Area in the south were there is rich, dark soil (good for cotton to grow)

Area was perfect for growing cotton

Cotton Economy

High demand for cotton in Europe

Transformed the US (over 50% of American exports was cotton)

America was producing more than ⅔ of the world’s cotton

New York City became the center for trade

The US became dependent on the cotton industry

9.2

Erie Canal

Man-made water highway that connected Hudson River with the Great Lakes

Horse pulls the barge (cargo) the whole length of the canal

Improved trade in the US (led to tension with the role of government)

Roads and Travel

The National Road (connected Illinois to New York)

Gov. starts to invest in roads (leads to interstate system)

Travel times were reduced

New Market Economy

Farming bartering country to a trading and currency economy

9.3

Era of Good Feelings

Federalist party collapses and everyone joins together

Democratic republicans had full control of the government

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Debate over if Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free or slave state (maintain balance in the Senate)

Drew a line to distinguish between slave and free states

No slavery north of this line

The American System (pg 286)

Program to improve roads, bridges and railroads to help economic growth

Taxes on infrastructure

Protect manufacturers from foreign competition

Reduce poverty by linking all Americans in a prosperous commercial community