Chapter 5

Define:

Amino acids- Building blocks of protein 4 parts, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.

Essential amino acids- Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts

sufficient to meet physiological needs

Nonessential amino acids- Amino acids that the body can synthesize

• Body naturally produces these, but may also be found within food proteins

Conditionally essential amino acids- An amino acid that is normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when it is needed in greater amounts than the body’s ability to produce • Must be supplied by food under certain bodily conditions

Antibodies

Hormones

Complementary proteins

· Know the structure of amino acids and what differentiates one amino acid from another- The R group is the same as the side group

That R group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another

Know the functions of protein- Make, maintain, and repair cells • Build structures • Produce enzymes, lubricants, and clotting compounds • Transport substances • Make antibodies • Make certain hormones • Maintain proper fluid balance and acid-base balance • Provide energy (4 kcal/g)

Know how protein influences pH- pH = potential of Hydrogen- measures acidity of a solution.

Know the role that antibodies play in the body- large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced in response to invasion of the body by unfamiliar molecules (mostly proteins) called antigens.

· Know the different types of severe acute malnutrition- Wasting: In malnutrition, thinness for height, indicating recent rapid weight loss, often from severe, acute malnutrition

• Marasmus: Severe malnutrition characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of body fat and muscle, and apathy

• Kwashiorkor: Severe malnutrition characterized by failure to grow and develop, edema, changes in the pigmentation of the hair and skin, fatty liver, anemia, and apathy

• Marasmic kwashiorkor:-A particularly lethal form of SAM, in which a child’s dangerous loss of lean tissue (wasting) is masked by edema, making it harder to detect

· Know the role of HCL in the stomach for protein digestion- HCl converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into pepsin, the active enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides.

· Know the RDA for protein- RDA (0.8 g/kg of body weight)

· Know the AMDR for protein- AMDR: 10-35% of kcals

· Knowing the dangers of vegetarianism- • Low energy • Lack high-quality proteins

Know the vitamins that may be lacking- Lack vitamin B12, D, and riboflavino

Know the minerals that may be lacking - Lack minerals zinc, iron, and calcium

· Know the different types of vegetarianism-

Semivegetarian (flexitarian)-eats eggs, fish and dairy foods but generally avoids meat

• Lactovegetarian-consumes milk and milk products, including yogurt, cheese and ice cream, to obtain animal protein

• Ovovegetarian-eats eggs

• Lacotoovovegetarian- consumes milk products and eggs

• Pescetarian- eats fish

• Vegan-(total vegetarian)-eats only plant products

· Know the food sources of high-quality protein- High-quality/complete protein: • Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products

Lipoproteins- carrier of fats

Transferrin- carries of iron

Acids: Compounds that release hydrogen ions in a solution

Bases: Compounds that accept hydrogen ions in a solution

Protein can act as a buffer to help maintain acid based balance of the blood.

Proteins can act as antibodies which help the body maintain its resistance to disease.

Adequate carbohydrate consumption can prevent proteins from breaking down to make glucose.

HCl breaks down protein structure (denaturation) and activates pepsin.

Protein Digestion Begins in the stomach with pepsin and enzyme that breaks down proteins into short polypeptides and amino acids.

Complementary proteins: Two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other.