Untitled Flashcards Set

Answer to learning target 47.1


Piaget suggested cognitive development proceeds through stages based on children actively constructing knowledge. Vygotsky emphasized social interaction as foundational for learning


Answer to learning target 47. 2


ASD affects understanding of others' mental states, with varying severities and impacts on social and communicative behaviors​


P. 1319- 1348 


Define: 


sensorimotor stage- The stage (birth to about 2 years) where infants know the world through sensory impressions and motor activities.


object permanence-  Awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived.


preoperational stage- The stage (about 2 to 7 years) when a child learns to use language but does not understand concrete logic.


Conservation- The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (developed during the concrete operational stage).


Egocentrism- The preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view.


Theory of Mind- People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states (e.g., feelings, perceptions, thoughts, and behaviors these might predict).


Concrete Operational Stage- The stage (about 7 to 11 years) where children gain mental operations to think logically about concrete events.


Formal Operational Stage-  The stage (about age 12+) where people begin thinking logically about abstract concepts.


Scaffold-  A framework supporting a child’s learning as they build on what they know.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)- A disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors due to difficulties in understanding others’ perspectives.



Answer multiple choice questions 1-7 on page 1346-1348. 

  1. E

  2. C

  3. D

  4. B

  5. C

  6. E

  7. C



Use the text to answer 

48.1- Babies form strong bonds through contact comfort (not just food). Touch, warmth, and responsiveness are key to building trust.


48.2- When Psychologists studied the “Harry and Margaret Harlow” case they used monkeys to show contact comfort is crucial. Monkeys preferred soft, cloth mothers over wire mothers, even when only the wire ones had food. Then the “Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation” observed how babies reacted when moms left and returned. They observed: secure attachment which the baby is upset when mom leaves but happy when she returns. On the other hand they observed: Insecure attachment where the baby is overly clingy or indifferent to mom.


48.3- Childhood neglect or abuse can result in difficulty forming trust, insecure or avoidant attachment later in life, and/or problems with emotional regulation and relationships.


48.4- Self-concept develops around 18 months when a child can recognize themselves in a mirror. By age 8-10, self-concept includes strengths, weaknesses, and values. A healthy self-concept provides confidence and a sense of identity.


48.5- 

  1. Authoritative parenting: Balanced; high expectations + warmth. 

  2. Authoritarian: Strict; high expectations with little warmth.

  3. Permissive: Lenient; few rules and high warmth.

  4. Negligent: Uninvolved; lacks warmth and structure.

48.6- 

Authoritative parenting: higher self-esteem, independence, and social skills.

Authoritarian parenting: lower self-esteem, emotional problems.

Permissive parenting: impulsive, less discipline.

Negligent parenting: poor academic performance and social skills.


P. 1350- 

Define the following terms


Attachment: An emotional tie with another person, often demonstrated by seeking closeness and distress during separation.


Critical Period: A specific time for attachment development.


Secure Attachment: A child feeling comfortable to explore when a caregiver is present and seeking comfort during distress.


Insecure Attachment: Anxiety or indifference toward caregivers.


Temperament: An individual's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.


Self-Concept: A sense of one’s identity and personal worth​



Of the four parenting styles, which do you think is the best? Why? Which do you think is the worst? Why? 


I think that the best parenting style is authoritative because it balances high expectations with warmth and responsiveness. Kids raised with this parenting style tend to have a higher self esteem, better social skills, and a good amount of independence. This parenting style provides clear rules but also allows flexibility for the child to grow in a healthy way.


Answer multiple choice questions P. 1376- 1378. 

  1. B

  2. B

  3. B

  4. B

  5. D

  6. B