Industrial Revolution and Modern Society Study Notes

Industrial Revolution Overview

20-1 Latin America in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
20-2 The North American Neighbors: The United States and Canada
20-3 The Second Industrial Revolution and The Emergence of Mass Society
20-4 Cultural Life: Romanticism and Realism in the Western World
20-5 Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments

Focus Questions:
- What was the Second Industrial Revolution, and what effects did it have on economic and social life?
- What were the main ideas of Karl Marx, and what role did they play in politics and the union movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
New Products:
- Substitution of steel for iron
- Electricity-spawned inventions such as:
- Internal combustion engine
- Fixed-wing airplane
New Patterns:
- Emergence of department stores
- A new consumer ethic arose as goods became more accessible

Emergence of a world economy and transportation revolution:
- Advancements in marine transport and railroads
- Europe sought foreign markets for goods, with European capital invested abroad yielding high returns
- The spread of industrialization seen in:
- Russia
- Japan

Timeline and Key Aspects:
- First Industrial Revolution: Late 1700s - Early 1800s focused on textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
- Second Industrial Revolution: 1870-1910 focused on steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum
Steel:
- Advantages over iron: lighter and stronger leading to faster engines and machines
Electricity's Impact:
- Enabled heating and lighting in homes, transformed workplaces
- Spawned inventions:
- Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
- Light bulb: Patented by Thomas Edison (1879)
- Radio: Developed by Guglielmo Marconi (transatlantic transmission 1901-1902)
- Urban transportation innovations: streetcars and subways
- Industrial advancements: conveyor belts and cranes

Internal Combustion Engine:
- Invented by Nicolaus Otto (1876) to run on oil and gasoline
Automobiles and Assembly Line:
- Henry Ford revolutionized auto production with the Model T and the assembly line
- Production stats:
- 1900: Global production of 9,000 cars/year
- 1916: Ford's factories produced 735,000 cars/year
Air Travel:
- Wright Brothers' first flight at Kitty Hawk, NC (1903)
Ocean Liners:
- Transition from wooden sailing ships to modern, faster ocean liners

Increased production led to lower consumer goods prices due to:
- Mass production efficiencies
- Cheaper transportation methods
Urban Growth:
- Urbanization was driven by increased industrialization
- Population in cities grew significantly:
- 1800 Britain: 40%, France: 2%, Germany: 2%
- 1900 Britain: 80%, France: 45%, Germany: 60%
Urban Challenges:
- Clean water issues addressed via dams, reservoirs, aqueducts
- Sewage systems initiated in cities like Frankfort, Germany

Interconnectedness:
- Increased trade: Foreign trade grew from $2 billion (1870) to $40 billion (1914)
Population Growth:
- Europe’s pop: 1850 (266 million), 1870 (295 million), 1900 (400 million+)
Social Changes:
- Recognition of wealth disparities (Great Britain: 5% held 60% of wealth)
- Increased political and diplomatic tensions due to economic development efforts

Definition:
- Mass society is characterized by increased voting rights, improved living standards, and expanded access to education
Health and Urbanization:
- Rapid growth of urban populations; improvements in health conditions via technology
Social Structure Changes:
- Wealth distribution: Elite controlled 30%-40% of wealth
- Middle class diversification and growth
- Dominance of unskilled laborers in the workforce

Gender Roles:
- Traditional roles persisted; middle-class women focused on family, while working-class women engaged in labor for financial support
Labor Involvement:
- New job opportunities for women in clerical roles, nursing, and teaching due to factory expansions
Women’s Rights Movement:
- Early feminist movements sought divorce and property rights, culminating in suffrage for women post-WWI

Socialism Defined:
- A social/political movement opposing capitalism, advocating for the regulation of goods by society
Marx's Ideas:
- Class struggle theory where oppressors (bourgeoisie) owned the means of production and exploited the oppressed (proletariat)
- Prediction of revolution leading to a classless society

Labor Movements:
- Formation of unions; significant political engagement among working classes
- Emergence of groups with differing methods (e.g., revolutionary vs. reformist)
Economic Disparities:
- Focus on wealth and poverty disparities; recognition of social inequities

Anarchism:
- Advocated for the overthrow of capitalism and rejection of state authority through various means
Syndicalism:
- Called for destruction of the state through direct action, reflected in mass strikes and union movements

Formation of the Bolshevik Party:
- Emerged from the Russian Social Democratic Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, focusing on rapid revolution bypassing bourgeois dominance

Emergence of New Physics:
- Einstein's theory of relativity outlined fundamental changes in the understanding of space and time (E=mc^2)
Freudian Psychoanalysis:
- Emphasized the irrational and instinctual bases of human behavior, focusing on memory and repression from childhood experiences

Darwin's Influence:
- His theories of evolution and natural selection became controversial and utilized to justify social and racial ideologies like Social Darwinism
Artistic Movements:
- Emergence of modernist movements such as Impressionism and Cubism as reactions to traditional art forms
- Artists like Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh pushed boundaries of artistic expression

Latin American Governments:
- Struggled with republicanism leading to militaristic leadership
Women’s Progress:
- Acquired expanded rights to vote, enhancements in living standards, and increased access to education post-Industrial Revolution
Impact of Key Figures:
- Influential thought leaders like Einstein, Freud, and Darwin shaped the modern consciousness leading into the twentieth century.