PBS 2.2.2

Genetic Disorder - health conditions caused by changes to sequence of DNA bases that make up one or more genes¨

Mutation - change to a DNA sequence

Proteins - biomolecule that is the primary building block of life

• Drive cellular reactions like digestion, biosynthesis - building cellular composition, and controlling cell growth/division

• Provide defense

• Support proteins build structures

• Transporting materials like essential nutrients and gasses and cellular waste

• Coordinating cellular activities → hormonal proteins and sensory proteins (internalize environment)

• Movement → motor and contractile proteins

Instructions for building proteins found in the DNA

Protein Synthesis - well-regulated process that creates proteins

Nucleotides - 4 different bases that make up DNA (A, T, C, G)

Nucleic Acids - biomolecules that carry instructions for making proteins

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - nucleic acid involved in the process of making proteins

Messenger RNA (mRNA) - used in production of proteins

DNA transcribed to mRNA with is translated to proteins

1. When protein needs to be made, signal sent to cell to turn on gene that codes for the needed protein - start of transcription in the nucleus

2. DNA read by enzyme RNA Polymerase which produces messenger RNA (mRNA)

3. mRNA moves to cytoplasm for translation - ribosomes read mRNA sequence and direct transfer RNA (tRNA) to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids

   1. Codon - sequence of three mRNA bases that code for one amino acid

4. When all amino acids are coded for by a gene line, they fold, creating a functional protein

DNA Sequencing - process that describes the order of DNA bases that compose our genes

Geneticist - a medical professional that evaluates genetic health

Prognosis - the likely course the disease will take over a person’s lifetime

Bioinformatics Tools - software programs that analyze DNA