Overview of the Conquest of the New World

Rumors of wealth in the New World led to European exploration, with influential figures known as conquistadores seeking riches by conquering indigenous civilizations.

The Spanish Conquistadores

Conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro aimed to conquer the Aztecs and Incas, motivated by tales of gold and adventure.

The Aztec Empire

The Aztecs emerged from Central Mexico, forming a complex society with an empire of around 489 cities by 1519, centered at Tenochtitlan, which housed over 250,000 people. Their society differed significantly from European norms, lacking key technologies such as iron and horses. They worshipped multiple gods, primarily Huitzilopochtli, requiring human sacrifices.

Cortés and Tenochtitlan

Cortés landed in Mexico in 1519 with soldiers and horses, forming alliances with local tribes oppressed by the Aztecs. Misunderstanding led the Aztecs to initially believe Cortés was the returning god Quetzalcoatl. Tensions grew, leading to Cortés capturing Montezuma and a subsequent revolt by the Aztecs. Despite setbacks, Cortés regrouped and returned with large forces, ultimately laying siege to Tenochtitlan, which fell after heavy casualties and destruction. Cortés was later appointed governor of New Spain, establishing his capital at the site of the fallen city.