Crim
What is the Chicago School? A sociological theory that explains crime through environmental and neighbourhood conditions rather than individual traits.
What is Social Disorganization? A breakdown of social control and community stability that leads to higher levels of crime.
Who developed the Concentric Zone Theory? Park and Burgess.
What are the five zones in Park and Burgess's Concentric Zone Theory? Zone I: Central Business District, Zone II: Transition Zone, Zone III: Working-Class Zone, Zone IV: Residential Zone, Zone V: Commuter Zone.
Which zone had the highest crime rates according to the Chicago School? Zone II, the Zone in Transition.
Why does the Zone in Transition have high crime rates? Poverty, overcrowding, deteriorated housing, population turnover, and weak social controls.
Who were Shaw and McKay? Researchers who found crime remained high in the same neighbourhoods even when different ethnic groups moved in.
What did Shaw and McKay conclude? The neighbourhood itself contributes to crime, not the people living there.
What is colonization? The process where one group takes control over another group's land, culture, and institutions.
How is colonization related to criminology? Colonial governments imposed European laws on Indigenous peoples and criminalized Indigenous practices.
What is the Doctrine of Discovery? The belief that European Christian nations could claim land occupied by non-Christians.
What is Terra Nullius? The idea that land was "empty" and available to be claimed by European settlers.
What is systemic racism? Racism that is embedded within institutions, laws, and social systems.
How did colonial law affect Indigenous peoples? It restricted Indigenous practices and imposed European legal systems.
Why are Indigenous peoples overrepresented in the criminal justice system according to critical views of colonization? Historical and ongoing effects of colonialism, discrimination, and systemic inequality.
What is a moral panic? An exaggerated public reaction to a perceived social threat.
Who developed the concept of moral panic? Stanley Cohen (1972).
What role does the media play in moral panics? It often exaggerates threats and increases public fear.
What are the five characteristics of a moral panic? Concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality, and volatility.
What is a folk devil? A group or person portrayed as a major threat to society.
What is an example of a moral panic? Fear surrounding youth violence or school shootings despite low statistical risk.
Why are moral panics important in criminology? They can lead to stricter laws, increased surveillance, and harsher punishments.
What is a stereotype? An oversimplified belief about a group of people.
Why are stereotypes important in criminology? They can influence policing, courts, and public perceptions of crime.
What is racial profiling? Using race as a factor when deciding who to stop, search, monitor, or arrest.
What is overt racism? Open and obvious racist behaviour.
What is institutional racism? Policies or practices within institutions that disadvantage particular groups.
What is systemic racism? Racism built into social structures and institutions.
How can stereotypes affect criminal justice outcomes? They may contribute to unfair treatment and discrimination.
What is mental illness? A psychological disorder that affects thinking, emotions, or behaviour.
Does mental illness automatically cause crime? No. Most people with mental illnesses are not violent or criminal.
What is psychosis? A disorder involving a loss of contact with reality.
What are common symptoms of psychosis? Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder? A disorder characterized by disregard for social norms and the rights of others.
What is NCRMD? Not Criminally Responsible by Reason of Mental Disorder.
What does NCRMD focus on? The person's mental state at the time of the offence.
What is Fitness to Stand Trial? A legal assessment of whether a person understands the trial process and charges against them.
What does Fitness to Stand Trial focus on? The person's mental state during the trial.
What is the McNaughten Rule? A person may not be criminally responsible if they did not understand what they were doing or did not know it was wrong.
Who developed Social Bond Theory? Travis Hirschi.
What question does Social Bond Theory attempt to answer? Why do people obey the law?
What is the main argument of Social Bond Theory? Strong social bonds prevent criminal behaviour.
What are the four elements of Hirschi's Social Bond Theory? Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief.
What is Attachment? Emotional connections to family, friends, teachers, and society.
What is Commitment? Investment in conventional goals such as education and careers.
What is Involvement? Participation in conventional activities like work, school, and sports.
What is Belief? Acceptance of social norms and laws as legitimate.
What happens when social bonds are weak? The likelihood of criminal behaviour increases.
What is Green Criminology? The study of environmental harm against humans, animals, and ecosystems.
Who first used the term Green Criminology? Lynch (1990).
What does Green Criminology focus on? Pollution, environmental destruction, animal abuse, and environmental injustice.
What is environmental racism? When environmental harms disproportionately affect certain racial or marginalized communities.
What is restorative justice? A justice approach focused on repairing harm rather than punishment.
What is the main goal of restorative justice? To repair harm and restore relationships.
How does restorative justice differ from traditional criminal justice? It focuses on victims, offenders, and communities rather than punishment alone.
What are the principles of restorative justice? Accountability, repairing harm, victim involvement, and community participation.
What is circle sentencing? A restorative justice practice involving community participation in sentencing.
What is a Victim-Offender Reconciliation Program (VORP)? A restorative process where victims and offenders meet to repair harm.
What are techniques of neutralization? Ways offenders justify criminal behaviour to reduce feelings of guilt.
Who developed Techniques of Neutralization Theory? Sykes and Matza (1957).
What is denial of responsibility? Claiming the crime was not one's fault.
What is denial of injury? Claiming nobody was harmed.
What is denial of victim? Claiming the victim deserved the harm.
What is condemnation of condemners? Blaming those who criticize or punish the offender.
What is appeal to higher loyalties? Claiming the act was done for family, friends, or a group.
Why are neutralization techniques important? They help explain how people commit crimes without viewing themselves as bad people.
Who developed Strain Theory? Robert K. Merton.
What is Strain Theory? Crime results when people cannot achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
What is anomie? A condition in which social norms are weak, unclear, or absent.
What is the main idea of Merton's Strain Theory? People experience strain when they want success but lack legitimate opportunities.
What is conformity? Accepting social goals and legitimate means.
What is innovation? Accepting goals but rejecting legitimate means.
Which adaptation is most associated with criminal behaviour? Innovation.
What is ritualism? Rejecting goals but continuing to follow legitimate means.
What is retreatism? Rejecting both goals and means.
What is rebellion? Replacing existing goals and means with new ones.
Who developed General Strain Theory? Robert Agnew.
How does General Strain Theory differ from Merton's theory? It includes negative emotions and experiences, not just blocked goals.
What is Feminist Criminology? A perspective examining how gender influences crime, victimization, and justice.
Why did Feminist Criminology emerge? Traditional criminology focused mainly on male experiences.
What is patriarchy? A system in which men hold greater social power than women.
What is paternalism? The belief that women require protection and guidance from men.
What is chivalry? The idea that men should protect and assist women.
What is Liberal Feminism? A feminist perspective that seeks equality through legal and social reforms.
What is Radical Feminism? A feminist perspective focusing on male domination and patriarchy.
What is Socialist Feminism? A perspective examining both gender and economic inequality.
What is Intersectional Feminism? A perspective studying how gender interacts with race, class, sexuality, and other inequalities.
What is Critical Criminology? A theory that examines how power and inequality shape crime and criminal justice.
Which thinker strongly influenced Critical Criminology? Karl Marx.
What is the main argument of Critical Criminology? Laws often reflect the interests of powerful groups.
What does Critical Criminology say about crime? Crime is influenced by social inequality, power, and conflict.
Who was Michel Foucault? A scholar who argued that institutions use power and surveillance to control people.
What is deterrence? The use of punishment to discourage crime.
What are the three elements of deterrence? Certainty, celerity, and severity.
What is certainty in deterrence theory? The likelihood that punishment will occur.
What is celerity in deterrence theory? The speed with which punishment occurs.
What is severity in deterrence theory? The seriousness of the punishment.
Who is associated with deterrence theory? Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
Who was Cesare Beccaria? The father of classical criminology who argued punishment should be swift, certain, and proportionate.
Who was Jeremy Bentham? A classical theorist who developed utilitarianism and the idea of balancing pleasure and pain.
What is rational choice theory? The idea that people weigh costs and benefits before committing crime.
What is deviance? Behaviour that violates social norms.
What is the social contract? An agreement in which people give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order provided by the state.
What is the difference between NCRMD and Fitness to Stand Trial? NCRMD focuses on the offender's mental state during the offence, while Fitness to Stand Trial focuses on the offender's mental state during court proceedings.