Corrections and Criminal Justice in the U.S.

Rehabilitation: Aims to reform offenders into productive members of society.
Incapacitation: Restricts offenders from committing further crimes.
Retribution: Focuses on punishment as a response to wrongdoing.
Deterrence:
- Specific Deterrent: Targets individual offenders to discourage future crimes.
- General Deterrent: Aims to prevent crime within society by setting examples, such as prisoners contributing to community service.
Restoration: Aims to heal victims and the community more broadly.

1970s-1980s: Shift in perspective, questioning the efficacy of rehabilitation.
1980s-1990s: Tougher crime policies, rise of private prisons, and introduction of intermediate sanctions.
21st Century: Initial trends suggest decreasing correctional supervision; calls for correctional reform so far in the 2018+.

Key Components:
- Probation: A court-imposed sanction under supervision that allows offenders to remain in the community.
- Intermediate Sanctions: Alternative penalties between probation and incarceration.
- Jails: Short-term confinement facilities often for petty crimes.
- Prisons: Long-term facilities for serious offenses.
- Parole: Conditional release of prisoners before completing their sentence.

A punishment where incarceration is suspended under specific conditions, allowing community supervision.
If conditions are violated, offenders may serve the original sentence, usually imprisonment.

Advantages:
- Promotes community integration.
- Reduces stigma associated with incarceration.
- Cost-effective compared to incarceration.
- Access to treatment and services.
- Minimizes exposure to criminogenic environments.
Disadvantages:
- Viewed as lenient or inadequate punishment.
- Increased risk of recidivism for some offenders.

Managed at various governmental levels:
- Juvenile, Municipal, County, State, and Federal levels.

May include:
- Standard Conditions: Reporting to a probation officer, maintaining employment, and notifying about changes of address.
- Punitive Conditions: Specific restrictions like restitution and community service.
- Treatment Conditions: Focused on rehabilitation for specific issues, e.g., substance abuse.

If a probation violation occurs:
- Preliminary Hearings: To establish probable cause.
- Hearings: Trial-like process where evidence is presented.
- Sentencing: Judge decides appropriate actions (reprimand, add conditions, revoke).

Definition:
- More punitive than probation, less than full incarceration, cost-effective.
Examples: Administrative options include day reporting, shock probation, or shock incarceration in boot camps.

Jails: Short-term custodies, typically run by county governments.
Prisons: Long-term detention for serious crimes, operated by state or federal systems.

Primary responsibilities include:
- Security and order within prisons.
- Conducting inspections and ensuring inmate conduct.
- Facilitating rehabilitation and reintegration programs.

Their roles encompass:
- Focusing on rehabilitation through various programs.
- Offering vocational training and academic support to inmates.

Parole allows for conditional release of inmates who have met certain rehabilitation goals.
Advantages: Cost-effective, promotes community reintegration.
Disadvantages: Some view it as reducing accountability for crime.