MOUTH AND BEART INTRO

  • Nasal Cavities

    • Hollow spaces in the nose

    • Purpose:

    • Filter air: removes toxins and allows sterile air to enter

    • Warm and moisten incoming air

  • Pharynx

    • Chamber connecting nasal cavity to larynx

    • Function: pathway for air to larynx and aids in sound production

  • Larynx

    • Houses the vocal cords (voice box)

    • Responsible for sound production

  • Trachea

    • Flexible tube connecting larynx to bronchi

    • Function: passage of air to bronchi

  • Bronchi and Bronchioles

    • Airways that lead into the lungs

    • Alveoli: tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs

  • Respiration Types

    • External Respiration:

    • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and environment

    • Internal Respiration:

    • Exchange at a cellular level

  • Breathing Mechanics

    • Inhalation:

    • Diaphragm moves down, rib cage moves up and out

    • Exhalation:

    • Diaphragm moves up, rib cage moves down

  • Medulla Oblongata

    • Control center for unconscious functions like breathing and heart rate

    • Connects to spinal cord via pons

  • Heart Anatomy Overview

    • Vena Cava: large veins carrying deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the body

    • Blood flow sequence:

    • Right atrium → Right ventricle (via tricuspid valve) → Pulmonary artery (via pulmonary valve) → Lungs

    • Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle (via mitral valve) → Aorta (via aortic valve)

  • Heart Sounds

    • Lub: closure of tricuspid and mitral valves

    • Dub: closure of pulmonary and aortic valves

  • Pleural Membrane

    • Visceral Pleura: inner layer attached to lungs

    • Parietal Pleura: outer layer lining the chest wall

    • Allows smooth movement and expansion of lungs due to pleural fluid

  • Common Lung Sounds

    • Pleural Friction Rub: indicative of reduced lubricating fluid (sounds like stepping on snow)

    • Crackles: indicating fluid in lungs (like Rice Krispies)

    • Wheezing: indicative of airway constriction (asthma)

  • Respiratory Assessments

    • Important for patients with respiratory/cardiac conditions, respiratory impairment history, and post-surgery

  • Risk Factors for Respiratory Issues

    • Smoking, allergies, crowded living conditions (increased infection risk)