Phytoplankton = photosynthesise. They take in carbon and turn it into organic matter.
As they are at the bottom of the marine food chain when they get eaten, carbon is passed through the food chain. CO2 is released back into the atmosphere as these organisms respire.
Some organisms like plankton (which does not photosynthesise (different from phytoplankton) sequester CO2, turning the carbon into their hard outer shells and inner skeletons.
Sequestering - to store the CO2 - not release it back into the ocean
When plankton dies their shells dissolve → carbon becomes part of the deep ocean currents. Dead organisms become buried and compressed → limestone (sedimentary rock= fossils)
CO2 from the atmosphere will dissolve into the water → carbonic acid. As concentrations of CO2 increase in the atmosphere, the oceans absorb the CO2 which makes them more acidic. Acidification of the ocean = negative effects. BUT CO2 will also go from the water back into the atmosphere.
Oceanic circulation provides a constant source of new water on the surface whilst transferring surface water into the deep ocean, this is why the ocean stores so much carbon. Water is not stored evenly → in cold water more co2 is absorbed, so the concentration is different around the world.
Thermohaline circulation is the process of the physical pump
Thermohaline circulation is an ocean current that produces both vertical and horizontal circulation of cold and warm water around the world’s oceans. In addition to this, the atmospheric circulation creates large currents in the oceans which transfers water from the warmer tropical areas of the world to the colder polar regions. The rate of circulation is slow; it takes around 1000 years for any cubic metre of water to travel around the entire system. Warm surface waters are depleted of CO2 and nutrients therefore the foundation of the planet’s food chain depends on cool and nutrient-rich water which supports algae to grow.
Water in the North Atlantic is cold and very saline which means it is denser and heavier causing it to sink. When the cold water sinks, warm water is drawn from the ocean surface.
Eventually, cold water is drawn from the bottom of the ocean and then warmed up.
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The rate of absorption of CO2 into the ocean depends on ocean temperatures. The colder the water, the more CO2 is absorbed. Therefore, as ocean temperatures increase, the oceans will absorb less CO2 (possibly even emitting some of its stored carbon dioxide). This would accelerate Climate Change and lead to further ocean warming (positive feedback mechanism).
Primary producers sequester carbon through the process of photosynthesis.
CARBON FLUXES VARY
Diurnally - day = positive, night = negative
Seasonally - In the northern hemisphere during winter = plants die leading to high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, spring = plants grow CO2 levels begin to drop
Soils store 20-30% of the world’s carbon = the amount sequestered or emitted depends on local conditions.
arid/semi-arid = most important store = any loss of plants will transfer carbon to the soil.
Humus - long term process = 60% of carbon
Factors affecting soil capacity to store carbon:
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