Architecture Exam #2 Concepts: Deconstructivism to Post-Digital Trends

MoMA Exhibition ( $1988$ ): Co-curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley; featured Frank O. Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha M. Hadid, Coop Himmelb(l)au, and Bernard Tschumi.
Concept: Unsettles and fragments the stability of Modernism; questions traditional thought and formal harmony.
Mark Wigley: Argues space is created through ongoing "inscriptions" (acts of drawing, materials, and circulation); focuses on the relationship between form and underlying structure.
Bernard Tschumi: Parc de la Villette ( $1982$ -- $86$ ); collaboration with Jacques Derrida; architecture serves to negate the expected forms of society.
Daniel Libeskind: Jewish Museum, Berlin ( $1999$ ); symbolic translation of Jewish history into spatial language.
Zaha Hadid: Vitra Fire Station ( $1994$ ); emphasis on defining space rather than occupying it.
Frank O. Gehry: Used "new" materials (sheet metal, chain-link) at the Gehry House ( $1978$ ); Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao ( $1997$ ) forced a reconsideration of museum architecture through volumetric displacement.
Peter Eisenman: Investigated Post-Structuralism and Derrida's Deconstruction philosophy; buildings function and stand up differently when they do not look like they function or stand.

Gaston Bachelard: The Poetics of Space ( $1958$ ); space is experienced emotionally and imaginatively, focusing on intimate areas like attics and corners.
Juhani Pallasmaa: The Eyes of the Skin ( $1996$ ); buildings are perceived through discrete parts in a sequence over time, involving all senses.
Peter Zumthor: Pritzker winner ( $2009$ ); Thinking Architecture and Atmospheres; focuses on the building as a "body," material construction, and how space is felt; Thermal Baths, Vals ( $1994$ -- $96$ ) uses local materials and alternating humid/dry volumes.
Steven Holl: Questions of Perception ( $1994$ ); emphasis on lived experience and how light/material shape perception over geometry; Nelson Atkins Museum ( $2007$ ).

Gilles Deleuze: A Thousand Plateaus ( $1980$ ); the diagram is an abstract machine that constructs a new reality.
Rem Koolhaas (OMA): Delirious New York ( $1978$ ) and S, M, L, XL ( $1992$ ); concepts of "Manhattanism," bigness, congestion, and program over form; buildings include Villa Dall’Ava and Seattle Public Library.
MVRDV: FARMAX ( $1998$ ); uses statistics and data (density, economics) as generators for form; Dutch Pavilion ( $1997$ -- $2000$ ).
Mecanoo (Francine Houben): Approach defined by "People, Place, Purpose, Poetry"; combines rational planning with public warmth.
UN Studio (van Berkel and Bos): Movement and networks as generators; Mobius House ( $1993$ -- $98$ ) and Mercedes Benz Museum ( $2001$ -- $06$ ).
REX (Joshua Prince-Ramus): Wyly Theater ( $2009$ ); architecture should "do things" rather than just represent them.
BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group): Translates diagrams into media-savvy forms; "hedonistic sustainability" where green design adds pleasure; 8 House and Amager Bakke/Copen Hill.
FOA (Foreign Office Architects): The Function of Form ( $2009$ ); form emerges from performance and systems; Yokohama International Port Terminal ( $1995$ -- $2002$ ).

California Lab: SCI-Arc and UCLA fostered digital design and experimental fabrication; Case Study House no. $22$ .
Frank Gehry: Developed CATIA software for the Walt Disney Concert Hall ( $1988$ -- $2003$ ).
Wes Jones: Instrumental Form ( $1998$ ); architecture as a machine that operates and performs.
Greg Lynn: Animate Form ( $1999$ ); form shaped by forces, deformation, and topological thinking.
The Fold: Based on Gilles Deleuze ( $1993$ ); introduces continuity and soft curves (NURBS) in architecture.
Parametricism (Patrik Schumacher/ZHA): Rule-based design using digital scripting; integrates structure, skin, and circulation; BMW Central ( $2005$ ) and MAXXI ( $2009$ ).

Cradle to Cradle: William McDonough and Michael Braungart ( $2002$ ); shift from "less bad" to regenerative closed-loop systems where waste equals resource.
Studio Gang: Aqua Tower ( $2010$ ); slabs act as shading devices to reduce solar gain.
Stefano Boeri: Bosco Verticale ( $2014$ ); integrates over $900$ trees into the building envelope.
Social Impact: Design like you give a damn (Cameron Sinclair); architecture as a tool for humanitarian aid.
Rural Studio: Samuel Mockbee; design-build program for underserved communities; Glass Chapel, Mason’s Bend ( $2000$ ).
Shigeru Ban: Pritzker winner ( $2014$ ); use of recycled paper tubes and shipping containers for pavilions and nomadic museums.
Stan Allen: Points + Lines ( $1999$ ); views architecture as fields of interaction and infrastructure as spatial logic.
Second Digital Turn: Mario Carpo ( $2017$ ); shift to algorithmic variation, mass customization, and AI-driven design.
Post-Digital: MOS and WORKac; move from unified systems toward curated aggregation.