HGAP LDC

LDCs (Less Developed Countries) / developing or periphery
- Primary agricultural economy
- Poor health and education
- Lack of infrastructure
Semi-periphery / NIC (Newly Industrialized Country) / developing
- Industrializing; developing infrastructure
MDCs (More Developed Countries) / core
- Focused on services (e.g., doctor, retail, teaching)
- Excellent health and education
- Well-developed infrastructure
- Better infrastructure correlates with better health and education

Colonialism vs. neocolonialism
- Colonialism = hard power
- Neocolonialism = soft power
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth (unilinear development path)
- Claim: All countries can become more developed over time; the path is universal and does not compare countries directly
- Rostow's five stages (5 stages):
- Traditional society
  - Predominantly farming; limited technology; static structure
- Preconditions for takeoff
  - Start of investment in infrastructure and institutions; groundwork for modernization
- Takeoff (manufacturing)
  - Rapid growth in a few industrial sectors; manufacturing takes off
- Drive to maturity
  - Diversified growth; technology diffusion; sustained development
- Age of mass consumption
  - High-income, consumer-oriented economies; services expand
Wallerstein's World-Systems Theory
- World is structured into a core and periphery
- Core countries exploit periphery countries; core accumulates wealth, often through services and capital ownership
- Periphery remains less developed as profits flow to the core
Dependency theory
- Mentioned as not discussed yet in this transcript
- (Notes: Dependency theory emphasizes how less-developed countries remain dependent on wealthy nations through economic relationships; not elaborated here)

Traditional
- Farming-based economy; limited technology; static social structure
Preconditions for takeoff
- Foundations for modernization: infrastructure and institutions begin to form
Takeoff
- Manufacturing grows; industrialization accelerates
Drive to maturity
- Industrialization broadens; technology spreads; diverse economy develops
Age of mass consumption
- Economy shifts toward services and consumer goods; high standard of living

Core countries
- Control capital, major industries, and high-value services
Periphery countries
- Produce raw materials and labor; receive lower-value additions
Interaction outcome
- Profits and economic gains tend to concentrate in the core
- Periphery remains dependent or less developed

Density
- High density, medium density, or low density
- Defined as the number of people per a defined area
Pattern
- Linear, circular, grid, irregular patterns
Longitude and latitude
- Coordinates used to describe precise global location
Concentration
- Clustered vs dispersed vs spread-out arrangements

Cultural landscape definition
- Landscape is shaped by human culture and in turn shapes culture
Types of cultural landscapes
- Designed landscapes: gardens, parks
- Vernacular landscapes: villages, farmland
- Historic landscapes: battlefields, castles
- Ethnographic landscapes: spaces tied to specific cultural groups
- Other culturally significant landscapes or groups
Key elements to remember in cultural analysis
- Architecture, religious influences, colonial impact
- Public spaces, economic activities, transportation networks
- Signage, language, religion (and belief systems)
Analytical approach
- Always ask why to understand the cultural significance and processes behind landscape choices

Location
- Absolute location
- Defined by coordinates (longitude and latitude)
- Relative location
- Location described in relation to other places or features (proximity, accessibility)
Place
- Site (physical characteristics)
- Climate, topography, soil, resources, vegetation, buildings
- Situation (relative location and connectivity)
- Relation to surrounding features and its impact on accessibility and interactions
- Sense of place
- Emotional attachment and meaning people assign to a place
- Placelessness and globalization
- Loss of unique local character; increasing global uniformity
- Emotions and ties
- Emotional ties to places can be strengthened or weakened by globalization
Site and space descriptors (part two)
- Physical building
- Soil quality
- Traditions
- Climate
- Food
- Gender roles
- Vegetation
- Language
- Rainfall
- Elevation
- Religion
- Race
Situation details
- Relative location near other places
- Explanation of its impact on accessibility, interactions, and significance