MI Unit 1 Test
ELISA- enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay; quantitative in vitro test for an antibody or antigen; add pathogen from (multiple but one focus) from CSF, add primary antibody, and secondary antibody with enzyme, add substrate that causes color change; less than an hour; quantitative because of number scale; qualitative because of color
antibody- protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated b-cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination
dna sequencing- how scientists determine the precise order of nucleotides within a dna molecule; can sequence an entire human genome within a day
cycle sequencing- isolate dna from the sample, then processed so that we can make sure we are only working with the pathogen’s dna; uses thermal cycler but produces set of dna fragments that differ in length from each other by a single base; then separated by size and bases at the end are identified; recreates original sequence of dna; segment denatured (separated into two strands, template and complimentary strands); template strand mixed with primers; dna polymerase enzyme that assembles nucleotides to create dna; free nucleotides; and flourescently tagged free nucleotides that glow when run through a laser each labeled with a specific color; creation of each dna fragment starts with the primer; after primer attaches to template strand, dna polymerase adds complementary nucleotides; whenever fluorescently tagged nucleotide is added to the chain the dna polymerase stops; happens randomly creating fragments of various lengths; stops when there are no longer nucleotides available; each dna fragment created is a specific length ands always ends with a fluorescently tagged nucleotide; gel electrophoresis separates by size and analyzes the results; buffer solution in tubes fragments move through to a laser that reads them; n labels ambiguous areas where peaks are similar heights in same spot
pcr- isolate dna of invader through pcr; takes a few hours; primers (specific segments of dna) are chosen that attach to genes that are only present in bacteria and viruses which means pcr only replicates a segment of the virus or bacteria in sue’s dna
blast- basic local alignment search tool
solvent- dissolves the solute
substrate- reactant on which an enzyme works
gram positive- thicker peptidoglycan layer, purple, no endotoxins
gram negative- outer membrane, harder to kill, pink
beta lactams- interrupt bacterial cell-wall formation by stopping the creation of peptidoglycans
tetracyclines- stop bacterial growth by inhibiting translation by stopping tRNA from attaching
fluoroquinolones- stop dna replication by inhibiting dna gyrase and topoisomerase IV; STOPS SUPERCOILING
sulfa antibiotics- block the ability to use folic acid for biosynthesis
bacteria can’t lose their dna
select all- which of the following are part of the outer, middle, or inner
outer ear stops before tympanic; tympanic and ossicles are middle; everything else inner
semicircular canal- helps keep your balance
malleus- transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
incus- transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
stapes- transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window
tensor tympani- dampens loud sounds
pinna- visible part of ear; picks up sound waves and sends them to ear canal
auditory canal/external acoustic meatus- helps amplify sound
tympanic membrane- separates outer ear from middle ear; transmits vibrations to the ossicles
ossicles- transmit air vibrations from the outer ear into the inner ear
cochlea- transduces sound waves into electrical impulses
oval window- transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear and from air to liquid
eustachian tube- equalizes air pressure
vestibule- helps maintain balance and eye movement, detects changes in gravity; perceives motion and position
sensory hair cells- convert mechanical stimuli to electrical impulses
cochlear nerve- transfers auditory information from cochlea to the brain.
vestibular nerve- detects balance
pros- jobs, communication, can still learn sign language, speech, education
cons- invasive, not in deaf or hearing world, no signing, deaf community feels rejected, family tensions, speech not guaranteed
Order of Sound- Sound waves enter the ear and travel through the auditory canal. These waves cause vibrations in the eardrum. The vibration of the eardrum causes the bones in the middle ear to move back and forth. The inner end of the stapes moves in and out of the oval window at the same rate the eardrum is vibrating. The movement against the oval window causes motion in the fluid that fills the cochlea. The movement of the fluid causes the hairs in the fluid to move. This movement stimulates the attached cell to send a tiny impulse along the auditory nerve to the brain. The impulse is then translated into sound by the brain.
conjugation- one way transfer of DNA between bacteria in cellular contact
transformation- uptake and expression of foreign DNA by a cell
transduction- transfer of genetic material from one organism (such as bacterium) to another by a genetic vector
bacterial mutation- heritable change in a property of a bacterial cell based on an alteration of the dna sequence of the cell
inactivation- methods that result in termination of bacterial growth by damaging dna or protein synthesis
efflux- process in which bacteria transport compounds outside the cell which are potentially toxic
recombinant dna- a dna molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
similar pathogen- smallpox; use the sterile petri dish to collect fluid from pustules on the cow's udder; use the purifier to isolate the viruses; fill the syringe with the purified cowpox viruses
attenuated- measles; use the tissue culture to grow new viruses; fill the syringe with a strain of the virus that has desirable characteristics
killed- polio; use the tissue culture to grow new viruses; use the purifier to isolate the polio viruses; use formaldehyde to kill the viruses; fill the syringe with the killed polio virus
toxoid- tetanus; use the growth medium to grow new copies of the Clostridium tetani bacteria; isolate the toxins with the purifier; add aluminum salts to the purified toxins; fill the syringe with the treated toxins
subunit- hepatitis b; use the tweezers to pull out a segment of DNA from the hepatitis B virus; add the segment of DNA to the DNA of a yeast cell (which is in the yeast culture); use the purifier to isolate the hepatitis B antigen produced by the yeast cells; fill the syringe with the purified hepatitis B antigen
naked dna- hiv; use the growth medium, which includes PCR primers, to make billions of copies of a single gene; combine the virus genes with vectors; add bacteria to the vectors to allow the altered vectors to replicate; use the purifier to separate the altered vectors from the bacteria; fill the syringe with the altered vectors
restriction enzymes- scissors
dna ligase- tape/glue
serial dilution- 4 tube dilutions and 4 final concentrations
mesosome
simple ex.- conjugation is bacteria to bacteria naked dna to bacteria or bacteriophage to bacteria
ear has 12 parts labeled; only 10 are answer choices; use not listed twice on the ones not given as options; sensory hair cells not on it
vestibular and cochlear nerve on it
vestibular nerve is by the vestibule
nerve coming out of the cochlea
know malleus, incus, and stapes separately
middle is tympanic membrane and the three ossicles
pick audiogram for hearing loss
pick the technology to help that person hear- HA, CI, HAT, antibiotics, surgery; select all that apply (all initial prescription not what to do if one thing doesn’t work)