Untitled Flashcards Set

lewin's motivational conflicts theory

three patterns of conflict: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, and approach-avoidance

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

incentive theory

A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli.

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation (i.e. taking a class that challenges you because you would be bored in the regular class)

sensation-seeking theory

A theory that proposes that one's level of need for varied or novel experiences is the basis of motivation

self-determination theory

a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

instincts

innate tendencies that determine behavior

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

eating motivation

Hunger and eating are regulated by a complex interplay of hunger and satiety signals that are integrated in the brain.

ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituaitary gland

the endocrine system's most important gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

cognitive label

thoughts, values, expectations; attribute source of arousal to a cause

emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

facial-feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

facial expressions

facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes

cognitive appraisal

the interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact

broaden and build theory

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly

negative emotion

bad feeling like anger or frustration in the workplace

universal emotions

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

anger

a strong feeling of displeasure

disgust

strong feelings of dislike

happiness

the state of being happy

surprise

something that is beyond what is expected

fear

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

sadness

state of unhappiness; feeling sorrow; not in a state of well-being

display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

health psychology

explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease

wellness

an overall state of well-being or total health

stress

the reaction of the body and mind to everyday challenges and demands

hypertension

high blood pressure

immune suppression

Any factor that prevents the immune system from working efficiently.

eustress

positive stress

distress

negative stress

yerkes-dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

general adaptation syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

alarm

the first phase of the stress response, in which the person faces a challenge and starts paying attention to it.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

exhaustion

A harmful third phase of the stress response, in which stress exceeds the body's ability to recover.

fight-flight-freeze response

an involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate threat (or stressor) in readiness for fight (confront), flight (escape) or freeze (avoid detection)

tend-and-befriend theory

theory that females are more likely than males to respond to stressors with behaviors that:
Quiet, nurture and care for offspring (tending)
Establish and maintain social networks (befriending)

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

meditation

the focusing of the mind on spiritual ideas

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

gratitude

thankfulness

signature strengths

positive traits that a person owns, celebrates, and frequently exercises

virtues

Firm attitudes, stable dispositions, habitual perfections of intellect and will that govern our actions, order our passions, and guide our conduct according to reason and faith

character strengths

personal characteristics that contribute to a person's happiness without diminishing the happiness of others

wisdom

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life

courage

bravery

humanity

the human race considered as a whole; kindness or compassion for others

justice

fairness

transcendence

the overcoming of the normal limitations imposed by the human condition, whether temporarily or abidingly

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises