Copy of APHUG Notes_ Units 6

Site Factors
- Unique characteristics of a specific location.
- Key for civilization development:
  - Climate
  - Natural Resources
    - Arable land supports sedentary agriculture
    - Mountains act as natural barriers.
Situation Factors
- Connects different locations; affects transportation and economic growth.
- Examples:
  - Rivers
  - Roads
  - Airports
Urbanization Trends
- Migration from rural to urban areas due to economic opportunities
- Rising cost of living leads to government intervention:
  - Price ceilings on rent
  - Increased taxes push people to suburbs
- Enhanced transportation (public transit, subways, hybrid cars).
- Advances in communication (landline, cell phones, video conferencing) lead to globalization.
- Specialization in cities fosters development (manufacturing, tourism, healthcare).

Megacity
- Population exceeds 10 million; becoming distributed globally.
- Challenges with demand for:
  - Water, housing, roads, electricity, transport
- Poor living conditions (favelas in Brazil, slums in India and LA).
Metacity
- Urban areas with over 20 million people; characterized by urban sprawl.
- Advanced transportation facilitates outward urbanization, replacing farmland.
- Suburbanization:
  - Robust infrastructure supports expansion (example: boomburbs like Plano).
Exurbs
- Suburbs that maintain urban and economic development (example: Denton).
Edge Cities
- Develop economic districts connected by major roads; lower population density (example: Plano).

World Cities/Global Cities
- Connected to major cities globally, influencing trade, communication, manufacturing, and transport.
- Cultural centers (example: New York, Paris, London) and affiliated with international organizations.

Primate City Rule
- One large city has twice the population of the second-largest city.
- Benefits: centralized resources and services.
- Negatives: increased travel time, susceptibility to economic challenges, unequal wealth distribution.
Rank Size Rule
- Second-largest city has half, third-largest has a third, and so on of the largest city's population.
- More evenly distributed goods and services.
Gravity Model
- Interaction likelihood based on distance and population size.
- Larger populations yield more interactions (pull factors) and vice versa (push factors).

Central Business District (CBD)
- Main economic hub of a city.
Urban City Models:
- Burgess Concentric-Zone Model (1920s):
  - Series of rings representing socio-economic statuses.
- Hoyt Sector Model:
  - Wedges based on transportation and economic factors; now outdated.
- Harris & Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model (1945):
  - Multiple CBDs with unique economic opportunities; responsive to changes due to technology.
Galactic Model:
- Addresses post-industrialization dynamics with edge cities linked by highways.

Sustainable Cities
- Urban planning focuses on economic/social opportunities while minimizing environmental impact.
Unsustainable Cities
- Rapid growth, poor resource management leading to food deserts and urban sprawl.
Green Belts
- Undeveloped land around cities to limit sprawl, common in Europe.
Smart Growth Policies
- Encourage urban living and vertical growth (new urbanism).
Green Cities
- Utilize renewable energy sources and emphasize low carbon footprints.
Criticism of Sustainability
- Increased costs and potential gentrification leading to socioeconomic disparities.

Segregation
- Ongoing effects of historical practices like redlining.
- Blockbusting:
  - Real estate manipulation causing racial and economic segregation.
Food Deserts
- Limited access to healthy food options correlating with higher obesity rates.
Gentrification
- Middle-class influx leading to displacement in low-income neighborhoods.
Squatter settlements/disamenity zones
- Informal housing lacking basic services (water, electricity, sanitation).

Sectors of Production
- Primary: Natural resources (fishing, mining, agriculture); often in LDCs.
- Secondary: Manufacturing value-added products from raw materials; growing in developing countries.
- Tertiary: Services; predominant in developed countries.
- Quaternary & Quinary: Knowledge-based and decision-making services; more in MDCs.
Wallerstein's World System Model
- Three classifications: Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery; illustrates economic interdependence.

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
- Five stages from traditional to high mass consumption; connects economic growth with development.
Criticism of the Model
- Lacks consideration for new technologies and variability in country resources.

Decline of primary sector jobs in core countries; impacted by outsourcing and urbanization.
Post-Fordist Production Methods
- Automation and reduced human labor in factories; shift to service jobs.
Special Economic Zones
- Encourage trade/business through relaxed regulations.
Economies of Scale
- Greater output reduces costs (example: Disney).