APWH Cram Packet: Period 5 – Industrialization & Global Integration, 1750-1900

Period 5: Industrialization & Global Integration (1750-1900)

Key Questions of Periodization

• What makes this period unique?
  • The West (Europe & the U.S.) becomes the dominant force in world events.
  • Europeans establish firm control over colonies worldwide starting in the early 1700s.
  • Western powers controlled global trade networks, significantly impacting the world.
  • Clear division between countries that industrialized and those that did not.
  • Major political, social, and economic revolutions occurred worldwide.
    • Enlightenment
    • American and French Revolutions
    • Haitian Revolution
    • Industrial Revolution
    • Rise of Capitalism and Adam Smith
    • Unification of states (Germany, Italy, United States)
    • Nationalism
    • Imperialism
    • Colonialism

Major Changes

1. Suez and Panama Canals: Reduced travel times significantly.
2. Technological Advances in Travel: Ships, railroads, etc., increased the movement of people and goods globally.
3. Migration: Large-scale migration movements to the Americas from Europe and Asia.
4. Impact of the Industrial Revolution:
   • Mother countries established factories and required raw materials.
   • Colonies were exploited for raw materials.
   • Economic development was suppressed in European-controlled countries, leading to ongoing issues in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
5. End of Serfdom and Slavery: These systems were abolished in most parts of the world.
6. Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

Industrial Revolution

• Began in Great Britain due to economic and political stability.
• Spread to the rest of Europe and the world (China had an earlier industrial revolution).
• Varying levels of government involvement: Russia and Japan had major involvement, while others relied on laissez-faire economics.
• Losers: The poor (exploited labor) and non-Western countries (loss of raw materials, discouraged industrialization).

Factors for Successful Industrialization

• Countries needed land, labor, capital, and government support to benefit from industrialization.
• Example: India's failed jute and steel industries due to lack of government support and investment capital.
• International division of labor: Industrialized countries produced manufactured goods, while less industrialized countries produced raw materials.
  • Example: Industrial England needed cotton and turned to India, Egypt, and the American South for production.
  • This division of labor often led to the colonization of non-industrialized areas.
• Increased demand for resources (iron, coal, textiles) led to rapid expansion of the British Empire.