SCI03 CO2

1. Introduction to Meteorology

  • Meteorology: The study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, including weather and climate.

2. Hydrometeorology

  • Study of the atmospheric and terrestrial phases of the hydrological cycle.

  • Focuses on the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere.

3. Layers of the Atmosphere

  • Troposphere: Lowest layer where all weather occurs.

  • Stratosphere: Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs UV rays.

  • Mesosphere: Coldest layer, temperatures decrease with height.

  • Thermosphere: Temperatures increase due to absorption of solar radiation.

  • Exosphere: Outermost layer, contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

4. Weather and Climate of the Philippines

  • Weather: Short-term state of the atmosphere.

  • Climate: Long-term weather patterns.

  • The Philippines has a tropical climate with high temperatures, humidity, and abundant rainfall.

5. Elements of Weather

  • Air Temperature, Air Pressure, Humidity, Clouds, Precipitation, Visibility, Wind.

6. Importance of Meteorology

  • Essential for survival, warning of severe weather, planning activities, and agricultural purposes.

7. Weather Forecasting

  • PAGASA: Provides daily weather forecasts, 10-day weather outlooks, and monitors hydrometeorological hazards.

  • Weather Icons: Represent different weather conditions (e.g., clear skies, thunderstorms).

8. Hydrometeorological Hazards

  • Typhoon (Tropical Cyclone): Intense low-pressure system with strong winds.

  • Thunderstorm: Produces thunder, lightning, wind, and rain.

  • Storm Surge: Abnormal rise in sea level during tropical cyclones.

  • Flood: Rise in water level in a stream or river.

  • Drought: Abnormally dry weather over an extended period.

  • El Niño and La Niña: Climate phenomena affecting global weather patterns.

9. Typhoon Preparedness

  • Before: Store food and water, secure property, keep emergency kits ready.

  • During: Stay indoors, avoid floodwaters, keep updated with weather reports.

  • After: Check for damages, avoid live wires, report broken utility lines.

10. Thunderstorm Preparedness

  • During: Stay indoors, avoid using electrical appliances, stay away from water bodies.

11. Flood Preparedness

  • Causes of Flood: Heavy rainfall, storm surges, tsunamis, deforestation.

  • Types of Flooding: River flooding, coastal flooding, urban flooding.

  • Mitigation: Regulate tree cutting, report illegal logging, avoid clogging drainage systems.

  • Before: Know flood risks, keep emergency kits, designate evacuation areas.

  • During: Avoid flooded areas, do not cross flowing streams, protect food and water.

  • After: Re-enter homes cautiously, check for contamination, report damages.

12. Drought Preparedness

  • Classification: Dry condition, dry spell, drought.

  • Sectoral Impacts: Agriculture, fisheries, water resources, human health, energy, environment.

  • Preparedness: Develop education programs, integrate science and policy, manage water resources.

13. El Niño and La Niña

  • El Niño: Warm phase of ENSO, causes dry conditions, reduced rainfall.

  • La Niña: Cool phase of ENSO, causes wet conditions, increased rainfall.

  • Sectoral Impacts: Agriculture, human health, water resources, marine resources, environment.

  • Water Conservation Tips: Fix leaks, use basins for washing, invest in water-efficient toilets.

14. La Niña Preparedness

  • Before: Check flood advisories, prepare post-harvest facilities, maximize rainwater harvesting.

  • During: Cooperate with local measures, have emergency kits ready, remove obstructions in water bodies.