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Introduction to the Kalobeyei Model

The Kalobeyei settlement, established in Turkana County, Kenya, in 2016, aims to promote self-reliance among refugees and the host community. Developed under the Kalobeyei Integrated Social and Economic Development Programme (KISEDP), it differs significantly from nearby Kakuma camp, offering integrated, market-based services and cash-based interventions for various needs, including housing and nutrition. The model encourages entrepreneurship through specific training and agricultural initiatives, including kitchen gardens, and has expanded to serve all of Turkana West with interconnected components like health, education, and public goods.

Study Overview

Conducted over three years, this report analyzes midline findings comparing the self-reliance of new refugees in Kalobeyei to those in Kakuma. It tracks South Sudanese refugees, as well as new arrivals from Ethiopia and Burundi, focusing on self-reliance metrics, socio-economic needs, and the effectiveness of KISEDP. The study collects data in waves, providing baseline indicators for monitoring self-reliance and capturing changes in socio-economic conditions.

Self-Reliance Framework

The report employs a self-reliance framework based on UNHCR’s definition, emphasizing the ability to meet essential needs independently from aid. The two main components are essential socio-economic needs and capacity for autonomy. Analysis highlights both outcomes and enabling factors, which include environmental context, assets, networks, and access to markets. Notably, most refugees in both camps reported dissatisfaction with their lives and high dependency on food aid, reflecting the broader challenges of achieving self-reliance.

Comparison of Self-Reliance in Kalobeyei vs. Kakuma

Findings reveal that while both groups experience significant challenges, Kalobeyei residents reported slightly better food security and dietary diversity. Interactions between refugees and the host community are reportedly higher in Kalobeyei, although Kakuma engages more in social activities. Employment levels remain dire across both settings, particularly for South Sudanese refugees, who are largely limited to low-paying, unprotected NGO jobs, underscored by environmental and legal barriers to employment.

Progress and Challenges

Encouragingly, there have been slight improvements in subjective wellbeing and access to education across both sites, without significant advancements in other areas. Employment opportunities, particularly for self-reliance, remain critically low. While innovative programs like the Bamba Chakula food distribution model have had positive impacts, providing both choice and economic stimulation, they remain reliant on aid and do not equate to true self-reliance.

Agricultural Developments

Agriculture plays a central role in promoting self-reliance, with significant participation in kitchen gardening and larger-scale farming initiatives. Ongoing efforts are needed to improve water access and agricultural techniques to maximize productivity and sustainability in the arid conditions of Turkana County.

Policy Implications

The report concludes with several policy recommendations aimed at enhancing self-reliance:

  1. Do Not Reduce Assistance: Current levels of aid must be maintained while gradually transitioning to enabling environments that promote autonomy.

  2. Invest in Infrastructure: Significant investments in public goods and infrastructure are crucial to laying the groundwork for sustainable economic opportunities.

  3. Enhance Agricultural Techniques: Continued support for agricultural initiatives, including expanding access to land and resources for kitchen gardens, is essential for improving food security.

  4. Promote Economic Integration: Encouraging market formation and reducing regulatory barriers to economic activities will help connect refugees to the wider economy.

  5. Implement Comprehensive Monitoring: Ongoing evaluation of KISEDP programs and self-reliance indicators will facilitate responsive adaptation to refugees' needs and circumstances.

  6. Foster Social Cohesion: Programs should aim to enhance cooperation between refugees and the host communities, ensuring equitable resource distribution and conflict mitigation.

Conclusion

Overall, while the Kalobeyei model demonstrates potential pathways towards enhanced self-reliance and socio-economic integration, significant hurdles remain. Both the Kalobeyei and Kakuma contexts illustrate the complexities and multifaceted nature of refugee self-reliance, revealing critical areas for ongoing support and intervention.