LESSON.1

Biology Overview

Page 2: What is Biology?

  • Definition: Biology is the science that studies life and living things.

    • Includes laws governing the phenomena of life.

Page 3: Biologists

  • Specialists: Those who specialize in biology are known as "biologists" or "naturalists".

Page 4: Major Divisions of Biology

  • Microbiology: Study of microorganisms.

  • Botany: Study of plants.

  • Zoology: Study of animals.

Page 5: Branches of Biology

  1. Taxonomy: Classification of living organisms.

  2. Cytology: Study of cells.

  3. Embryology: Study of embryos and their development.

  4. Anatomy: Study of the structure of organisms.

  5. Physiology: Study of the functions of living organisms.

Page 6: Additional Branches of Biology

  1. Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.

  2. Genetics: Study of heredity and variation in organisms.

  3. Evolution: Study of the changes in living organisms over time.

  4. Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.

Page 7: Modern Branches of Biology

  • Bioinformatics: Use of software and algorithms to understand biological data.

  • Genomics: Study of genomes.

  • Molecular Biology: Study of biological processes at the molecular level.

  • Pharmacogenomics: Study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs.

  • Synthetic Biology: Design and construction of new biological parts and systems.

  • Proteomics: Study of the structure and function of proteins.

Page 8: Life Processes

  • Growth and Development: Organisms grow and develop over time.

  • Metabolism:

    • Anabolism: Building up of substances.

    • Catabolism: Breaking down of substances.

  • Reproduction: Ability to produce new individuals.

  • React to Stimulus/Environment: Organisms respond to changes in their environment.

  • Energy Usage and Flow: Energy is utilized for various life processes.

  • Highly Ordered: Living things exhibit complex organization.

The Microscope

Page 9: Introduction to the Microscope

  • Purpose: Tool used to study objects too small to be seen with the naked eye.

  • Compound Microscope: Consists of two lenses fitted into a tube.

Page 10: Etymology

  • Origin: Comes from Greek "micro" (small) and "scope-in" (to see or view).

  • Lens Types: Includes eyepiece and objective lenses.

Page 11: Anatomy of a Microscope

  • Components:

    • Ocular Lens (Eyepiece)

    • Objective Lens

    • Diopter Adjustment

    • Frame (Arm)

    • Nose Piece

    • Stage Control

    • Mechanical Stage

    • Condenser

    • Coarse and Fine Adjustment

    • Illumination and Brightness Adjustment

    • Light Switch

    • Base

Page 12: Microscope Parts and Their Functions

  • Arm: Supports the body tube.

  • Eyepiece: Contains the magnifying lens.

  • Body Tube: Maintains distance between eyepiece and objective lens.

  • Nosepiece: Holds the objective lenses.

  • Objective Lens: Provides magnification (usually 10x or 20x).

  • Stage Clips: Hold the slide in place.

  • Stage: Supports the slide being viewed.

Page 13: Additional Functions

  • Diaphragm: Regulates light entering the body tube.

  • Mirror: Reflects light upward through the specimen.

  • Base: Supports the microscope.

  • Adjustment Knob: Moves the body tube for focusing.

Page 14: Focusing the Microscope

  • Purpose: To produce a sharp magnified image.

  • Resolution: The scientific term for achieving a sharp image.

  • Magnification: The process of enlarging an image.

Contributions to Biology

Page 15: Notable Biologists

  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek:

    • Dutch lens maker.

    • First to observe microscopic organisms.

Page 16: Robert Hooke

  • Contribution: Observed cork under a microscope and coined the term "cells".

Page 17: Carolus Linnaeus

  • Achievement: Developed "Binomial Nomenclature" for naming organisms.

Page 18: Charles Darwin

  • Theory: Developed the idea of "Natural Selection" leading to the "Theory of Evolution".

Page 19: Gregor Mendel

  • Title: Known as the father of Genetics.

Page 20: Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

  • Contribution: Formulated the "Cell Theory".

Page 21: The Cell Theory

  • Principles:

    • All living things are made up of cells.

    • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.

    • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Page 22: James Watson and Francis Crick

  • Discovery: Identified the structure of DNA.

Page 23: Rachel Carson

  • Warning: Highlighted dangers of pesticides and their environmental impact.

Page 24: Jacques-Yves Cousteau

  • Role: French ocean explorer