Principles of Genetics Study Notes

Principles of Genetics Study Notes

1. Lac Operon Regulation

  • Regulation of the Lac operon was studied by Jakob and Monod.

  • The genetic model organism they used was B. Escherichia coli.

2. Human Gamete Chromosome Number

  • Haploid (n) number of autosomes present in male or female gametes after meiosis:

    • A. 22

3. Meiotic Recombination

  • Meiotic recombination can be detected in offspring when crossing over occurs between:

    • D. non-sister chromatids; tetrad

4. Pea Plant Gene Segregation Ratios

  • When pure-breeding pea plants producing yellow peas are crossed with pure-breeding green pea plants:

    • Genotypic segregation ratio for the Y/y color gene in the F2 generation:

    • B. 1:2:1

5. Blood Type Probability

  • Probability of Ed and Cherry's child (both with blood type AB) having blood type A:

    • A. 0

6. Pedigree Inheritance Patterns

  • Most likely pattern of inheritance for given pedigree:

    • D. X-linked recessive

7. Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment

  • Mendel's principle refers to:

    • B. alleles of two different genes on two separate chromosomes.

8. Chi-Square Analysis

  • From test cross CT/- x ct/ct (Crimson Tide eye color vs. white eye color), observe:

    • 55 Crimson Tide-eyed offspring

    • 45 white-eyed offspring

    • Chi-square value:

    • D. 2.5

9. Testcross Hypothesis

  • Hypothesis that CT/- is a heterozygote (CT/ct) can be rejected:

    • A. True

10. Genetic Map Distance

  • For researcher with Drosophila strain AB/ab testcrossed with ab/ab, and observing 40% ab phenotype:

    • Map distance between A and B:

    • B. 20 CM

11. Progeny Prediction from Testcross

  • Mus musculus strain AB/ab testcrossed with ab/ab and distance between A and B is 30 map units, percentage of progeny that will be Ab:

    • C. 35%

12. Purple Butterfly Genetics

  • Cross between unusual purple butterfly and true-breeding wild-type yellow butterfly resulted in:

    • 123 purple butterflies and 121 yellow butterflies.

    • Purple color mutation:

    • A. dominant; test cross

13. Expected Frequency of Heterozygote

  • Cross: A/a; B/B; C/c; D/d; e/e x A/a; b/b; C/c; d/d; E/E

    • Expected frequency of heterozygote A/a; B/b; C/c; D/d; E/e:

    • B. 1/8

14. Nucleotide Composition

  • A ribonucleotide (or deoxynucleotide) has the following groups:

    • E. phosphate group attached to the 1' carbon of deoxyribose.

15. Chargaff's Rule

  • If GC content of double-stranded DNA molecule is 40%, the percentage of thymine:

    • C. 30%

16. Lac Operon Genotype

  • Genotype at the lac operon: IP OZY* I-P° O°Z-Y-

    • Functional genes in non-inducing conditions:

    • D. Neither LacZ nor LacY

17. Uracil in RNA

  • Uracil is a:

    • D. pyrimidine; RNA

18. Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Activity

  • Associated with:

    • B. low rates of transcription.

19. Genome Scanning for Triticum Aestivum

  • For Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) with genome sequence of 17 Gb, number of reading frames to scan:

    • C. 3

20. Promoter Location and Action

  • In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the promoter (P) is located:

    • C. upstream; cis

21. Open Reading Frame (ORF)

  • A 1500 bp ORF in mRNA translates:

    • D. 500; 500 polypeptides.

22. tRNA Anticodon

  • A tRNA with anticodon 3'-GCC-5' would carry:

    • A. alanine

23. Amino Acids Encoded by mRNA Sequence

  • For mRNA sequence 5'-CUU-GCC-AUG-GCC-ACG-GCU-UCU-AAU-GUA-GUA-3', number of amino acids:

    • Start: AUG

    • Stop codons are UAA and UAG:

    • B. 10

24. Enzyme for DNA Synthesis

  • Enzyme required for DNA synthesis at ends of linear chromosomes is:

    • D. telomerase

25. Genetic Code Properties

  • The genetic code is:

    • C. non-overlapping; 64 codons that code for amino acids.

26. Dideoxy-Sequencing Reaction

  • In dideoxy-sequencing, termination of DNA synthesis occurs because:

    • D. the absence of a 3'-OH group on the ddNTP prevents the addition of another nucleotide.

27. Enzyme Generating cDNA

  • Enzyme that generates complementary DNA (cDNA):

    • A. Reverse transcriptase

28. Human Genome Understanding

  • False statement about human genome understanding:

    • A. Exons are very large on average, while introns tend to be much smaller.

29. Fragile-X Syndrome Mutation

  • Fragile-X syndrome results from:

    • A. expanding nucleotide repeats

30. Mutation Types

  • Mutation described from wild type ACT CAC ATT to AGTACT CAC GTT AGT:

    • A. Transition

31. Mutation Classification

  • Type of mutation from wild type to mutant:

    • B. Missense

32. Mutation Protein Function Change

  • Dramatic change in protein function:

    • A. True

33. Proto-oncogenesDiscussion

  • Proto-oncogenes with a loss-of-function mutation:

    • B. False

34. Mutagens Matching

  1. Example of a base analogue: B. 5-bromouracil (5BU)

  1. Alters base structure through alkyl group addition: A. Ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)

36. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Mutation

  • Mutation in nucleotide excision repair pathway:

    • A. True

37. Down Syndrome

  • Down syndrome is an example of:

    • A. Trisomy (2n+1)

38. Balanced Change in Chromosome Structure

  • Example of balanced changes in structure includes:

    • E. A and D (Inversion and Translocation)

39. Error-prone Mechanisms

  • NHEJ and translesion synthesis as error-prone mechanisms:

    • A. True

40. Introduction of New Alleles

  • Responsible for introducing new alleles into a population:

    • E. a and b (Migration and Germ line mutations)

41. Breaking Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

  • Forces causing evolution include:

    • E. A, b, and c (Inbreeding, Genetic drift, Migration)

42. Heterozygous Genotype Frequency

  • In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, frequency of heterozygote A/a when frequency of allele a is 0.01:

    • b. 0.02

43. Variation Increase

  • Forces increasing variation within a population:

    • a. Overdominance

44. p (fB) Calculation

  • Population data for variations:

    • d. 0.3

45. Genetic Component Variation

  • Variation in character from individual to individual:

    • A. True

46. Mean Calculation for Tribolium Castaneum

  • Calculate mean larva length:

    • b. 3.3 mm

47. Variance Calculation

  • Calculate variance for Tribolium castaneum larva:

    • b. 0.25 mm²

48. Expected Mean Oil Content

  • If h² = 0.45 for corn oil content, expected mean in descendants:

    • a. 15.45% fat

49. Gene Selection Analysis

  • Not included in the transcript.