AP World History Final (600 CE- 1750 CE)

World Map

[[Civilizations/regions:[[

Southwest Asia (Middle East)
Persia (Middle East, Northeast of Africa)
Sahara (North Africa)
Mesoamerica (Southern Mexico)
Andes (Western South America)
Indian Ocean (East of India)
Pacific Ocean (Western Americas, Eastern Asia)
Atlantic Ocean (Eastern America, Western Africa)
Mediterranean Sea (Northern Africa and Southwest Europe)
Iberian Peninsula (Southwest Europe, modern-day divided between Spain and Portugal)
Italian Peninsula (Southern Europe, small little “shoe-sized” land near Africa)
Balkans (Southeast Europe, east of Italy)
Malacca (Southeast Asian Islands, South of Thailand and East of India)
Baghdad (capital of Iraq, Middle Eastern)
Tenochtitlan (Capital of Mesoamerica, Southeast Mexico)
Timbuktu (Northwest African city, capital of Mali)
Mecca (Between Africa and Southwest Asia)
Hangzhou (Eastern Chinese state)
Chang’an (Northeastern China)
Venice (Capital of Italy)
Swahili City-States (East African)
Cordoba (Islamic capital of Spain)
Cuzco (Northwest South America)

{{600 CE- 1450 CE (The Post Classical Period){{

}}China}}

Hangzhou
  * capital of the Song dynasty
  * 13th century
  * center of trade
  * access to oceanic and maritime trade routes
  * Large port city (silk road) where people could exchange goods, culture, and ideas
Chang’an
* Significant stop in the middle of Silk Road trade route
* crossroad between China, Central Asia, and Middle East
Sui Dynasty
  * 581-618 CE
  * unified North and Southern China after period of disunity
  * Emperors Wen, Yang, Gong
  * Capital was Chang’an
  * Created Great Canal
  * Continue building Great Wall using labor force from prisoners of war and peasants
  * Fell after wars, destruction, heavy taxes, and revolts
  * Created the civil service exam system with Confucian ideals
  * Filial piety continued to play a huge role
  * Buddhism firmly established: Buddhist monasteries and temples promoted religion to commoners (mostly still Confucian)
Tang Dynasty
  * 618-907 CE
  * Golden Age for China (dark age for Europe)
  * Largest cities: Chang’an and Xi’an
  * Emperor Gaozu, Taizong, empress Wu, and emperor Xuanzong
  * Civil service exam to elect officials
    * mostly landowners, exception to some commoners whose family was able to afford education
    * Mostly middle class men/boys
    * meritocracy (based on talent and intelligence rather than aristocracy)
  * invention of block printing (because of demand for textbooks)
  * Rejected Buddhism (made monks and monastery owners pay taxes)
  * Expanded empire with military, trade, and diplomacy (international relations)
Song Dynasty
  * 960-1279 CE
  * Stable transition because of Mandate of Heaven, transportation, communication, exports, urban center
  * Also part of the Golden Age (notable inventions: Ceramics, printing, gunpowder, medicine, ships (junks), navigation technology (compass), paper money)
  * %%Champa rice (LOOK THIS UPP!!!!!!)%%
  * NEO-CONFUCIANISM (syncretic religion combining Buddhist and Confucian principles)
  * Significant population growth, most urbanized region at the time, used paper $, had letters of credit/ promissory notes (check)
Tribute system
  * China’s mentality of “middle kingdom” (saw selves as superior compared to foreigners)
  * didn’t borrow much from others (especially culture and religious ideas)
  * Made others pay tribute to China in order to gain access to goods
  * allowed some foreigners to also gain prestige
Imperial bureaucracy
* Civil service examination to select loyal and trustworthy candidates based on knowledge
Foot binding
* Practice continued until 20th century
* Women forced to wear tight shoes to deform feet (beauty standard of the patriarchal system)

}}Japan}}

Influence from China
  * voluntary and selective borrowing from China
  * Sent merchants to China to bring back goods, cultures, and ideas
  * Still had a unique culture
Shintoism (religion)
* ancient belief that there’s purity and spiritual powers
* good vs. evil concept (purpose is to keep away evil spirits)
Heian (Golden Age)
  * 794- 1185
  * Emperor moved capital to Heian-kyo
  * Heian means peace
  * period when art, poetry, and literature flourished
Shotoku Taishi
  * Imported Chinese scores, art, texts, and other stuff
  * Brought Confucian and Buddhist ideals into Japanese government
  * Encouraged the building of Buddhist temples
  * Sent travelers to China to bring back items and ideas from them
Gender roles
* Women wrote books during time period
* Restricted with little freedom during feudalism
Japanese emperor
* belief that emperor cannot be overthrown because descendant from the Sun God
Japanese Feudalism (1100s)
  * Lords raised private armies for more power
  * imperial government weakened
  * emperor’s power decreased, lord’s power increased
Shogunate Shogun
* kingdom to king
The Social Hierarchy (Daimyo, Samurai & Code of Bushido, peasant class)
  * Shogun: most powerful lord
  * Daimyo: noble landowners/lords
  * Samurai: Skilled warriors (fought for shogun)
    * Followed Code of Bushido (way of the warrior)
  * Peasant class: worked on land owned by lord or Buddhist monastery
    * payed taxes
    * unable to pay: became genin (homeless laborers) who were essentially slaves (could be bought and sold)

}}Korea}}

Chinese invasions (Goguryeo- Sui War)
  * 598- 614 CE
  * Sui dynasty expanding their territory
  * Result → Sui dynasty lost the Mandate of Heaven
Tang and Goguryeo's relation
  * Tang took over the dynasty
  * split land in half w/ southern Korean dynasty (Silla)
    * Maintained relative autonomy (with distinct culture and language)
    * Held Korea’s golden age
Koryo Dynasty
  * 10th century CE
  * gained power in Northern Korea (used to be under Tang control)
  * Modeled government after Chinese ideas
  * Collapse after Mongol takeover (13th century)

}}South Asia}}

Heavy influence by/on trade (Indian ocean and Silk Road)
* Diffusion of Confucianism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam
* Indian alphabet used to create other languages in Southeast Asia
Caste system (varnas)
* religious authority
* Belief that people are in the caste that they deserve because of karma in the past life
Indianization
* (Similar to Americanization) spread of Indian culture while changing others cultures into an “Indian version”
Rajput Kingdom
  * Mostly Hindu Warriors
  * Contained many fighting clans
  * fought against Muslim invaders
Delhi Sultanate
  * Taken over by Islamic leaders
  * controlled/main people of Indian Ocean trade
  * Afghan Turks (Afghanistan)
  * took gold and jewels while destroying Hindu temples
Vijayanagar Empire
  * Hindu dominated
  * grew as a result of the Muslim empire up North
  * Rajput kingdoms and other smaller states also here
Bhakti movement
  * shift in devotion to personal god (similar to what Sufi Muslims preach)
  * believed to have grown as a result of growing Islamic Empire
  * spoke against the Indian caste system

}}Southeast Asia}}

Indian culture’s impact
* Cultural borrowing was voluntary
* Still had differences in some practices (e.g. women in Southeast Asia less restricted than in South Asia)
Khmer Kingdom of Angkor
* Contains the most significant Hindu temple, Angkor Wat
* exported forest products in return for Chinese and Indian handicrafts
Srivajaya Empire
  * Major center of Buddhist teachings
  * Many Hindu temples and Buddhist monuments (e.g. Borobudur)
  * connection between trade and state building
  * Contained lost of gold and spices → attracted many traders
  * Combined Indian political ideas and Buddhist religious concepts
  * had many Bodhisattvas- Buddhists who help others reach nirvana
Majahapit Kingdom
* Located in Eastern Java
* Indianized kingdom

}}Islamic World}}

About Islam (religion)
  * Founded in 600s (7th century)
  * Monotheistic (god is Allah)
    * Impacted by monotheistic religions Christianity and Judaism
    * Abrahamic religion (followers of Islam are children on Abraham)
  * Muhammad is the seal of prophets
    * was a religious and political leader
    * founder of Islam
    * Had a spiritual awakening
    * Troubled by the corruption of Mecca, his hometown
  * Quran is their sacred text
    * Belief that it has the words of Allah
    * translated and written by Muhammad’s followers
    * Challenged Arab clans and practices of Mecca (inequality especially towards women and orphans)
  * Hadiths
    * sayings of Muhammad that were translated and written by his followers
    * very patriarchal (blamed women for everything)
  * 5 pillars of Islam
    * actions required by all Muslims (followers of Islam)

      1. Allah is the only god
      2. Pray 5x a day
      3. almsgiving- give to the poor and needy
      4. Ramadan- self-purification by fasting and pure intentions
      5. Hajj- reenact events in Islamic history (event)
    * sometimes 6. jjad/jihad (struggle) by fighting against greed and selfishness
  * Mecca
    * Quraysh families took control
    * Arabs lived with Christians, Zoroastrians
    * Place where Muslims visit at least once in a lifetime, part of five pillars of Islam (Jjad)
    * Idolatry practices forbidden (practice of worshipping an idol)
    * Kicked Muhammad out after his disloyalty
  * Medina
    * Where Muhammad and his followers settled after being kicked out
    * Hijra: 622 CE- Beginning of the Islamic calendar, also the day Muhammad came to Medina
    * Muhammad was in charge (tax-free environment, payment for the poor)
    * Islam declared as independent from Judaism → Some Jews allied with enemies and others remained loyal

Expansion of Islam
  * Started in Arabia (Byzantine Empire/Rome and Sassanid/Persia)
  * Many Arabs joined in 632 CE
  * Muhammad turned many gods into one god in Mecca (630 CE)
  * Expanded everywhere in Afro-Eurasia for empire building (cultural and political)
  * Dhimmis (people of the book)
    * people who practice any Abrahamic religion (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)
    * had more freedom but still had to pay Jizya (special tax for non-muslims)
  * Conversions
    * most converted for convenience (Familiarity, helped with trade, avoid jizya, higher up social hierarchy)
  * Spain (1000) 1st wave
    * al-andalus (place with Islamic encounter)
    * Cordoba- capital of Muslim Spain
    * used to have harmony, religious tolerance, freedom of worship
    * Later turned into violence and intolerance
    * Back to peace when people did stuff (Muslims and Jews driven out)
  * Anatolia (1000)
    * Turkic speakers invaded Anatolia (Christian and Greek dominated by Byzantine Empire)
    * Destroyed monasteries, forced taxes and clothes, discrimination against Christians
    * 1500 had powerful Ottoman empire
    * Had many conversions
    * Distinct Turkish religion still remained
  * West Africa (1000)
    * brought peacefully through traders and merchants
    * many converted for the sake of commerce
    * Created an African version of Islam
    * Many mosques, Quranic schools, and libraries created
    * Many Africans turned called themselves Arab Muslims
    * African religions still continued
  * India (1000)
    * Turkic-speakers brought Islam faith
    * destroyed temples and took treasures
    * many conversions but majority of India remained Hindu
    * Sikhism formed with concepts from Islam and Hinduism
Sunni Vs. Shia
  * debate on who should be the next successor of Muhammad
  * Sunni- next leader should be chosen by the Islamic community
  * Shia/Shiites- next leader should be a relative of Muhammad
  * Many revolts and fighting as a result
Sufis and Sharia
  * Sharia- Scholars who talked about every aspect of life
  * Sufis- focused more on teachings of law and behavior
  * coexisted peacefully
  * Sufis were majority
Dar al-Islam
* abode of Islam (territory led by Islam/Islamic world)
Umma
* community of Muslims
Ummayad Dynasty
  * 1st dynasty in Islamic World
  * Capital from Medina → City of Damascus
  * resisted by Shia and non-Arab Muslims
Abbasids
  * Overthrown Ummayad dynasty (750)
  * new capital in Baghdad where non-Arabs had a prominent role
  * Got divided into separate sultanates in 1258 (Persian and Turkic Dynasties)
  * House of Wisdom- used during the Golden Age
Commerce
  * Many areas became Muslim and Arab
  * Main people of Afro-Eurasian trade (silk road and Sahara)
  * long-distance relationship with China
Golden Age (13th century)
  * House of Wisdom- research and translation of texts
  * Technology- paper making, mills
  * Added onto Indian and Greek teachings (Algebra, astronomy, disease treatment, 1st hospital)
  * Arab medical scholarships

}}Pastoral/Nomadic People}}

Characteristics
  * smaller populations
  * more egalitarian (still has hierarchal relationships)
  * higher mobility
  * Seen as barbarians by sedentary societies
  * needed/wanted items from other societies → traded with agricultural neighbors
  * exceptional horseback riding and hunting skills
  * survived in environments unsuitable for agriculture
  * Created technology related to horseback riding (e.g. harness, saddle, compound bow, armor, types of swords)
  * great ability to extract wealth from agricultural civilizations
Xiongnu
  * from Mongolian Steppes north of China
  * centralized and hierarchal political system
  * took tribute from other nomads and China
  * Forced Chinese emperor to see them as equals
  * influenced other pastoral empires (Arabs and Turks)
Arabs
  * first and most dramatic pastoral invasions
  * Effective fighters with developments of camel saddles
  * Controlled trade routes along Arabia
  * Aided Islam expansion with followers and military force
Turks
  * Located in Central Asian Steppes (Mongolia and Southern Siberia)
  * Invaded Abbasid territory and took over Baghdad (1055 CE)
  * Converted to Islam (10th to 14th century)
  * 3rd major carrier of Islam
  * Created Seljuk Turk Empire (11th to 12th century)
  * created Ottoman Empire (1500)
Mongols (13th to 14th century)
  * Leader: Temujin/Genghis Khan
    * Gained military victory within tribe → became a chief
    * given the name Genghis Khan (Supreme leader)
    * Wanted to maintain unity without chaos → Expanded towards China to grow wealth
  * Setbacks
    * Withdraw from Europe after death of their leader (1242)
    * Defeat in Palestine (1260)
    * Failed to conquer Japan after Typhoon (1281)
  * How they became successful
    * Disciplined and loyal army (often created by threats)
    * Received outside help
    * Human and material resources
    * prestigious imperial guard
  * Chinese invasions
    * North had more destruction, South had more accommodation
    * unified a divided China
    * Some believed Mongols had the Mandate of Heaven
    * Wanted to extract wealth
    * had harsh rules (bribes, executions, violation of women)
    * Retained many traditional ways of life (e.g. Role of women was different)
    * Ended mid 14th century because of increasing prices, factionalism (splitting society into different groups), plague, and peasant rebellions
    * Yuan Dynasty
      * Last Mongol invasion in China
      * leader- Khublai Khan
      * Inspired by Chinese culture → changed to Chinese dynastic title
      * transferred capital in Beijing
      * Supported Daoism and Confucianism → got military support
  * Persian invasion
    * Taken over by Genghis Khan and later his grandson
    * abrupt and destructive takeover
    * Sacked Baghdad (1258) → ended Abbasid
    * Damaged agriculture (herds and fail to maintain underground water)
    * heavy taxes → lost land
    * wine and silk brought for economy benefit
    * Many Mongols converted to Islam
    * Some took up agriculture and married locals
    * “Collapsed” in 1330 by assimilating into the society (blended in)
    * Quick return to patriarchal ways
  * Russian invasion
    * 13th century
    * had many princes and disunity before Mongol takeover
    * Violent invasion
    * no settlements
    * had little to offer → not worth occupying
    * heavy tribute (tax system)
    * Church flourished
    * Moscow became leading role in trade
    * Didn’t adapt to Russian way of life
    * Russia adopted to Mongol practices (e.g. weapons, court practices, courier service, military)
    * Internal divisions and plague → devastating impact
  * Economy impact
    * encouraged international commerce
    * created a safe environment for journey (pax-Mongolica)
    * benefited merchants
    * monopolized Silk Road
    * Europe became more aware of the wider world
    * Chinese technology and artistic conventions went westward
    * Muslims adopted Chinese medicine techniques and astronomy
    * many plants and crops got exchanged
  * Bubonic plague (14th century)
    * Began in Northeast China, flowed westward to Europe (1347)
    * 50-90% of the population got wiped out in Eurasia
    * Decline of trade
    * Growth of Western Europe
    * Labor shortage → lower-class revolts
    * technological innovations
    * more job opportunities for women

The Four Mongol Khanates

}}Africa}}

Overall had less restrictions on women (also matrilineal)
Saharan Desert
  * Separated North Africa from Sub-Saharan Africa
  * place of Trans-Saharan Trade
  * Trans-Saharan trade brought new ideas with items to West African region
West African Kingdoms
  * great demand of salt because it’s an important spice and preservative
  * Ghana (Awkar)
    * Heavily involved with trade in 500 CE
    * Contained tons of gold and salt → kings taxed and controlled gold trade
    * Traded with berbers (North African nomads who used camel caravans) and Arab merchants in North Africa for Mediterranean items
    * 900s CE elites converted to Islam to have a better relationship with Muslim traders
    * Northern berbers and other tribal groups took down Ghana empire
    * got absorbed into other West African kingdoms (especially Mali)
  * Mali
    * Most people engaged in agriculture
    * participated in trans-saharan trade for gold and salt
    * controlled and taxed trade within the territory
    * honored Islam (encouraged conversions but didn’t force)
    * Provided protection for traveling merchants
    * Mansa Musa (1312-1337 CE)
      * went on a pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)
      * created inflation because of distributing so much gold during his journey
      * built libraries, Islamic schools, and mosques in his kingdom
      * Timbuktu became the political capital and cultural center of Islamic scholarship and art
  * Songhai Kingdom
    * Captured Timbuktu in 1464
    * Last and largest Western African Kingdom
    * Also grew rich from trading
    * Muslim kingdom
    * only lasted 100 years (fell in 1597)
    * Invaded by Moroccan warriors (gun as weaponry changed history) and never united again
Northeastern African Kingdoms
  * Arab travelers spread Islam → many converted
  * Christianity endured (especially in Egypt and Ethiopia)
  * Egypt had coptic Christianity even while Islam has been introduced
East African City-States
  * Many spoke Bantu languages
  * did not politically unite to form a kingdom
  * many city-states emerged because of participation in Indian Ocean trade with Muslim merchants
    * Swahili City-States
      * Swahili language developed (mixture of Arabic and Bantu)
      * kings governed and converted for legitimacy (but not completely separate from their own religion and culture)
      * built mosques and buildings
      * major city/connection in Indian ocean trade
Southeastern African Kingdoms
  * Zimbabwe
    * Participated in trade with Eastern city-states
    * became city with stone towers, palaces, and public buildings (great Zimbabwe)
    * Prospered between 1300-1450 CE
    * NOT a Muslim state (practiced Christianity)

}}Worlds of Christendom}}

The Great Schism
  * Led to the division of Eastern and Western Europe
  * Development of Eastern Orthodox Church and Western Roman Catholic Church
  * Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other
Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe)
  * Stronger, eastern half of Roman Empire turned into Byzantine Empire
  * Emperor Justinian failed to conquer Western Europe but came up with a successful law code (foundation of Byzantine’s political system)
  * Latin got replaced with Greek as the official language
  * Eastern Orthodox Church (fought with Western Europe)
  * strong central government and bureaucracy
  * emperor appointed the church’s patriarch and had authority over the church (caesaropapism)
  * free peasants received land in return for military service
  * Position along Mediterranean Sea and between Asian and European crossroads → provided tons for trade
  * Developed a silk industry and artisans produced lots of products
  * Constantinople was the capital and intellectual center
  * Contained the Hagia Sophia (most significant Byzantine art and architecture)
  * little social mobility (but still able to change through army, trade, or church work)
  * Theocracy (emperors controlled politics and church)
  * Eastern Orthodox trade impacted Slavic people and Russia
    * Kievan Rus (Russian prince) chose Orthodox Christianity as official Russian faith
  * Wanted to preserve past Greek texts and transmitted them to Islamic World
Western Europe
  * Politically decentralized
  * small feudal kingdoms
  * Religiously centralized (Roman catholic church)
    * Latin was the main language
    * Fought with Eastern Europe (Orthodox Christianity)
    * Belief that pope gave authority and was the leader
  * Little access to Greek thought before 1000
  * many texts in the 12th and 13 century were translated to Latin by Muslims in Spain
  * Feudalism
    * Vassals and lords compete for power
    * constant instability, European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages
    * Strict hierarchy and fixed class from birth (king, nobles, knights and vassals, Peasants/serfs
    * Lord given land = provided military service
    * Peasants protected = have to work for lord
    * manors (lord’s house where peasants live near) were self-sufficient (produced what was needed to survive)
    * Lord’s power was greater than ruler’s power
    * Code of Chivalry developed (Similar to Bushido in Japan but more of an ideal that conduct)
    * Three-field crop system (where crops rotate based on the season) was invented to help manors succeed
  * Plague impact
    * Labor-shortage → workers demand higher wages
    * Peasant rebellions → weakened feudal system
    * Antisemitism increased → Jewish communities were massacred
    * Christians question faith
    * Self-flagellation (whipping oneself) grew so people could atone for their own sins
    * Church lost much of their clergy
    * proper education and literacy decreased
Crusades
  * Effort to take back the holy land that was taken over by Muslims
  * initiated by the pope
  * military campaign that temporarily united catholic and orthodox
  * many crusades failed
  * Ended up further splitting Western and Eastern Europe
  * Growing Anti-semitism
  * most of the regions remained in Muslim hands
  * More trade and exchange
  * Western Europe got “rediscovered”
  * After first Crusade, they captured Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and divided it further
    * Reorganized Muslim forces took back Jerusalem in 1187 CE
  * Ottoman Empire captured and conquered the capital of Constantinople which weakened the Byzantine Empire
Vikings
  * Nomadic group who settled in present-day Scandinavia to supplement their farm production
  * raided many Western European countries by using small boats
  * traded throughout the North Sea and Baltic Sea
  * Colonized Iceland and Greenland in 800s CE
  * Established a colony in Newfoundland/ modern-day Canada (North America) but was short-lived
  * Norman lord from France invaded England and defeated the Saxons in 1066 CE (modern-day Britain)
  * Normans and Vikings later Christianized and assimilated into Europe
Germanic tribes
* tried to reunite what was once a centralized Roman empire (but failed)
Balkan peninsula (East)
* crossroad of culture between Latin and Greek
* European provinces of the Ottoman Empire
Iberian peninsula (West)
* recaptured territory from Muslims (Reconquista)
* crossroad of Christian, Arab, and Jewish cultures
Italian peninsula (Between Balkan and Iberian)
* Major trade center in the Mediterranean sea
* Emergence of the Renaissance and Roman Empire occurred here

}}The Americas}}

Overall facts
  * hereditary society
  * Rigid social class (Chief/king, priest, nobles, merchants, artisans, slaves)
  * matrilineal society but still patriarchal
  * animistic/polytheistic
  * religious sacrifices
  * women could be priests
  * Agricultural practices were distinct/unique to climate
  * environmental variations and geography limited trade connections (mountains, forests)
  * Dugout canoes for travel and trade
  * used terrace farming and slash and burn agriculture
Trade in the Americas
  * Local and regional commerce flourished (Cahokia, Mesoamerican trade, Andean trade)
  * More active within region than between regions (compared to Afro-Eurasia)
    * no horses, camels, wheeled vehicles, large ships
    * geographical obstacles (e.g. Panama strait)
    * Loosely interactive web of Great Lakes (Mississippi → Andes)
    * Most traded luxury goods (similar to Silk Road) like feathers and jewels
      * Privilege of royal determined status
  * Utilized human caravans to carry goods
  * Controlling access to goods → motive for war
Mesoamerica
  * strong trade route
  * Formation of New World cultures
  * Taken over by Mayans and Aztecs
  * **Teotihuacan
    * one of the largest cities in the world
    * major center of trade
    * contained large monuments
Andes
  * Located in Western South America
  * located near high peaks
  * domesticated plants
  * most important crop: maize
Maya
  * In Mesoamerica
  * Decentralized city-states each with their own king
  * created a writing system
  * concept of zero
  * advanced astronomy
  * more accurate calendar than Europe
Aztecs
  * In Mesoamerica
  * Capital- Tenochtitlan
  * had an expansionist policy
  * Chinampas used for effective agriculture (floating gardens)
  * had Pochteca (professional merchants)
    * engaged in large-scale trading missions
Inca
  * In Andean Region
  * state-run economic exchange (no specific group of merchants like Pochteca emerged)
  * used Quipus for record keeping
  * had a 20,000 mile Incan Road system
    * used for the transfer of goods and information without using wheels
Cahokia
  * Mississippian culture (about 400 to 1250 CE)
  * near Illinois and Missouri
  * 1st large-scale civilization in North America
Pueblo People (other societies): Choco, Mesa Verde (Southwest)

}}Trade- Diffusion, and Syncretism}}

Silk Road Trade
  * mostly traded luxuries (and determined status for elites)
  * Relay trade
  * connected agricultural societies to pastoral societies
  * China, central Asia, Indian, Middle East, Mediterranean had many goods
  * high transportation cost
  * Trade interactions were greater than ever before in the 3rd wave
  * uneven good distribution → exchange
  * Chinese first had silk, then others had it
  * worked best when connected by a large empire (Byzantine, Rome, Han, Mongols)
  * merchants supported Buddhist monasteries
  * use of camel caravans and caravanserais (also yokes, saddles, stirrups, horses, and oxens)
  * less self-sufficiency (started to produce goods for the purpose to sell them)
  * women were the main labor force in textile production
  * Vast spread of Buddhism and Syncretic religions
    * Mahayana Buddhism
    * syncretic religion in Samarkand
  * Black death significantly spread through travelers and decreased trade
  * altered productions (peasants farm → produce silk and paper)
Indian Ocean Trade
  * massive growth in this period (500-1500)
  * monsoon winds helped with directions
  * largest sea-based network
  * able to exchange luxury AND common goods
    * because transportation costs were less and ships could carry more
  * center kingdoms
    * Swahili states
    * Sultanate of Malacca
    * Delhi Sultanate
    * Srivijaya
  * Southeast Asian spices (spice islands)
  * Arabian incense, gold, and silver
  * economic and political revival of China
  * Mostly peaceful trade (not controlled by political entities, mostly merchants)
  * emergence of Islam = increased trade and connections
    * African slaves more important
    * many people converted because of the benefits
  * Malay peninsula port cities competed for control
  * Growth of East African city-states (Swahili city-states)
    * Islam dominated the region
  * astrolabe, compass, Chinese junks (large ships)
Trans-Saharan Trade
  * North Africa and Mediterranean within interior of Africa
  * West Africa export gold for salt
  * North Africa had salt and copper
  * Sub-Sahara had crops
  * Middle East gave horses and doth
  * major route of exchange for the FIRST TIME
  * more hierarchy divisions = increased wealth
  * introduction of camels (main source of transportation)
  * Different climate = different products = increased trade
  * West African civilization transformed
    * construction of new states (Ghana, Mali, Songhay, City-states)
Mediterranean Trade
  * Linked to larger Indian-ocean trade
  * Italian city-state controlled expensive goods from Asia
  * (1000 CE) Venice became the center of exchange
  * Byzantine was dominant force but Italy had most success
Important people
  * Marco Polo
    * met Kublai Khan
    * stories abroad China
    * awakened desire to trade with China
    * travelled through Silk trade
  * Ibn Battuta
    * wanted to travel through Dar al-Islam
    * contributed to view of outsiders for Muslims
    * travelled mostly through Africa

{{1450-1750 CE{{