STUCOR_CS3251-HS

Syllabus

SUBJECT CODE/NAME: CS3251 - PROGRAMMING IN C
Topics:
- UNIT I: BASICS OF C PROGRAMMING
- UNIT II: ARRAYS AND STRINGS
- UNIT III: FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS
- UNIT IV: STRUCTURES AND UNION
- UNIT V: FILE PROCESSING
ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS R21/R17

CS3251 - PROGRAMMING IN C - SYLLABUS

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
- Understand C Language constructs.
- Develop C Programs using basic constructs.
- Develop C programs using arrays and strings
- Develop modular applications in C using functions
- Develop applications in C using pointers and structures
- Perform input/output and file handling in C
UNIT I: BASICS OF C PROGRAMMING
- Introduction to programming paradigms
- Applications of C Language
- Structure of C program
- C programming: Data Types, Constants, Enumeration Constants, Keywords
- Operators: Precedence and Associativity, Expressions
- Input/Output statements, Assignment statements, Decision making statements, Switch statement, Looping statements
- Preprocessor directives
- Compilation process
UNIT II: ARRAYS AND STRINGS
- Introduction to Arrays: Declaration, Initialization
- One dimensional array
- Two dimensional arrays
- String operations: length, compare, concatenate, copy
- Selection sort, linear and binary search
UNIT III: FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS
- Modular programming
- Function prototype, function definition, function call
- Built-in functions (string functions, math functions)
- Recursion, Binary Search using recursive functions
- Pointers
  - Pointer operators
  - Pointer arithmetic
  - Arrays and pointers
  - Array of pointers
  - Parameter passing: Pass by value, Pass by reference
UNIT IV: STRUCTURES AND UNION
- Structure
  - Nested structures
  - Pointer and Structures
  - Array of structures
  - Self referential structures
  - Dynamic memory allocation
  - Singly linked list
  - typedef
- Union
- Storage classes and Visibility
UNIT V: FILE PROCESSING
- Files
- Types of file processing:
  - Sequential access
  - Random access
- Sequential access file
- Random access file
- Command line arguments
COURSE OUTCOMES:
- CO1: Demonstrate knowledge on C Programming constructs
- CO2: Develop simple applications in C using basic constructs
- CO3: Design and implement applications using arrays and strings
- CO4: Develop and implement modular applications in C using functions.
- CO5: Develop applications in C using structures and pointers.
- CO6: Design applications using sequential and random access file processing.
TEXT BOOKS:
- 1. ReemaThareja, "Programming in C", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2016.
- 2. Kernighan, B.W and Ritchie, D.M, "The C Programming language", Second Edition, Pearson Education, 2015.
REFERENCES:
- 1. Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel, "C How to Program with an Introduction to C++", Eighth edition, Pearson Education, 2018.
- 2. Yashwant Kanetkar, Let us C, 17th Edition, BPB Publications, 2020.
- 3. Byron S. Gottfried, "Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Programming with C", McGraw-Hill Education, 1996.
- 4. Pradip Dey, Manas Ghosh, "Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C", Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2013.
- 5. Anita Goel and Ajay Mittal, "Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C", 1st Edition, Pearson Education, 2013

UNIT I - BASICS OF C PROGRAMMING

Introduction to programming paradigms
Applications of C language
Structure of C Program
Data types
Constants
Enumeration Constants
Keywords
Operators: precedence and Associativity
Expression
Input / output Statements, Assignment Statements
Decision making statement
Switch statement
Looping Statement
preprocessor directives
Compilation process

PART-A

1) What is the importance of keyword?

Keywords are reserved words already explained to the Compiler.
Keywords are also called reserved words.
Examples: auto, else, long, for, float, int, char, continue, goto, etc.

2) What do you mean by C tokens?

The smallest individual units of a C Program are known as C tokens.
Examples: keywords, identifier, constants, string, operators, special character.

3) What are variables? Give example.

A variable is an identifier used to represent a specific type of information within a portion of the program.
Example:
- int Sum;
- number = 10;

4) Write a loop statement to print 10 to 1.

```c
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int i;
    for(i = 10; i >= 1; i--)
        printf("%d", i);
}
```

5) Give the use of pre processor.

A pre processor is a translator that converts a program written in one high-level language into an equivalent program written in another high-level language.

6) Difference between while and do…while

While	do… while
This is the top tested loop	This is bottom tested loop
The condition is first tisted	It executes the body once, after it checks the condition
Loop will not be executed if condition false	Loop is executed at least once, even if the condition is false

7) What is the use of "break" statement?

The break statement is used to terminate the loop.
When the keyword break is used inside any loop, control is automatically transferred to the first statement after the loop.
c while (condition) { if (condition) break; }

8) Define delimiters in C

# - Pre-Processor directive
, - Comma - Separate list
: - Colon - Label delimiters
; - Semicolon - Statement delimiter
() - Parenthesis - Used in expression
{} - Curly braces - Used blocking
[] - Square braces - Used with arrays

9) What is the use of #define processor

The #define preprocessor directive is used to define a global constant or macro.
c #define PI 3.14 #define big(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
When a Compile reads the macro name, it replaces the macro name by its expression.
When it reads the constant label, it replaces the label by its value.

10) List out various Input & output statements in c

The input & output statements are classified into formatted & unformatted I/O.
- Formatted I/O: User can design / format the output.
  - scanf(), printf()
- Unformatted I/O: doesn't allow the users to design the output.
  - getch(), gets(), putch(), puts()

PART B

1) Explain the decision making statement in C with example programs.

Decision making is about deciding the order of execution of statements based on certain conditions.
C language handles decision-making by supporting the following statements:

Simple-if statement:

The if statement is a selection statement, simplest form of decision making.
c if (condition) { Statement; }
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int n; printf("Enter the number"); scanf("%d", &n); if (n > 0) printf("No is positive"); }

If-else Statement:

If else statement evaluates the condition, if it is true, the true block will be executed, otherwise, the false block will be executed.
c if (condition) { statement 1; } else { statement 2; }
c #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int n; printf("Enter number"); scanf("%d", &n); if (n > 0) printf("No is positive"); else printf("No is negative"); }

Nested-if

If one or more if statements are embedded within the if Statement is called nested if statement.
c if (condition1) { if (condition2) { if (condition3) { Stmt3; } } else stm2; } else stm1;
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a, b, c; printf("Enter three numbers"); scanf("%d%d%d", &a, &b, &c); if (a > b) { if (a > c) printf("A is big"); else printf("c is big"); } else { if (b > c) printf("B is big"); else printf("c is big"); } }

if-else-if ladder:

Control structure to represent multiple condition scenarios.
c if (cond1) stm1; else if (cond2) stm2; else if (cond3) stm3; else default_stm;
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int avg; printf("Enter the avg marks"); scanf("%d", &avg); if (avg > 90) printf("O Grade"); else if (avg > 80) printf("A+ Grade"); else if (avg > 70) printf("A Grade"); else if (avg > 60) printf("B+ Grade"); else if (avg >= 50) printf("B Grade"); else printf("Fail"); }

Switch case statement:

The switch case statement is a multiple branching (multiple decision making) statement.
The switch Statement Select a particular group of statements from several available groups.
c switch (exp) { case const1: Stmt; break; case Const2: Stmt; break; default: stmt; }
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a, b, c; char op; printf("+ Add\n - Sub\n * mul \n"); printf("Enter the case value"); scanf("%c", &op); printf("Enter the values"); scanf("%d%d", &a, &b); switch (op) { case '+': c = a + b; break; case '-': c = a - b; break; case '*': c = a * b; break; } printf("Result = %d", c); }

2) Explain the looping statement in c with example programs.

Looping is the process of repeating the same set of statements again and again until the specified condition hold true.
Loop Types:
- Counter Controlled
- Sentinel Controlled
Counter Controlled Loop: The number of iterations to be performed is known in advance; also called a definite repetition loop.
Sentinel Controlled Loop: The number of iterations to be performed is not known in advance; also called an indefinite repetition Loop.
Looping Statements:
- while loop
- do..while loop
- for loop

while loop:

Entry controlled loop.
c initialization; while (Condition) { Body of the loop; inc/dec; }
c #include<stdio.h> void main() { int n = 0; while (n <= 5) { Printf("%d", n); n++; } }

do…while loop:

Exit Controlled loop because the test condition is evaluated at the end the loop.
The body of the loop gets executed at least one time.
c initialization; do { body of loop; inc/dec; } while (cond);
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int n = 0; do { printf("%d", n); n++; } while (n <= 5); }

For loop:

It is definite loop. It is used to execute a set of instructions repeatedly, until the condition becomes false.
c for (initialization; condition; increment /decrement) { body of the loop; }
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int i; for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { printf("%d", i); }

Nested for loop:

The loop within the loop is called husted loop.
Iterations is equal to the number of iterations in the outer loop multiplied by the number of iteration in the inner loop.
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int i, j; for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++) { printf("\n"); for (j = 1; j <= 3; j++) Printf("%d", j); }

3) Explain different types of operators in c with example programs.

An operator is a symbol that specifies an operation to be performed on the operand. An operand is defined as a variable (data items).
Types of operator:
- Arithmetic Operator
- Relational operator
- Logical operator
- Assignment operator
- Increment / decrement operator
- Conditional operator
- Bitwise operator
- Special operator

Arithmetic operator:

Allows to carryout basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a = 5, b = 3; printf("Sum=%d", a + b); printf("Diff=%d", a - b); printf("Mul = %d", a * b); printf("Div = %d", a / b); Printf("Modular Div: %d", a % b); }

Relational Operator:

(
Relational operators are used to Compare two or more operands. Operands may be var, Constant, Expressions. The result of relational expression is either one (01) zero.
c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a = 5, b = 10; printf("a>b=%d", a > b); printf("a!=b%d", a != b); printf(" a <= b = %d", a <= b); }

Logical operator:

(&&, ||, !)

are used to Compare two or more conditions.

Operator	Meaning	Eg
`&&`	logical AND	`(9>2) && (5<2)`
`\|\|`	logical OR	`(5>2) \|\| (5==4)`
`!`	logical NOT	`!(5!=2)`
`c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a = 9, b = 2, c = 5; Printf("%d", (a > 2) && (c < b)); Printf("%d", (a > 2) \|\| (b < c)); Printf("%d", !(a > 2)); }`

Assignment operator:

are used to assign a value of a Variable to another variable.
var = exp;

Compound assignment:

c Provides compound assignment operator to assign a value to the variable in order to assign a new value to variable after performing a specified operation.

Example	Meaning
`x += y`	`x=x+y`
`x -= y`	`x=x-y`
`x *= y`	`x=x*y`
`x /= y`	`x=x/y`
`x %= y`	`x=x%y`
`c #include <stdio.h> void main() { int a = 50, b = 5; b += a; Printf("%d", b); }`

Nested co. Multiple Assignment:

assign a single value to multiple variables.
Varl = var2 = var3 = exp

Increment and Decrement Operator (Unary oprty):

The increment operator ++ adds one to the variable and decrement operator Subtract one from the variable.

Operator	Meaning
`++a`	Pre-Increment
`a++`	post-Increment
`--a`	pre-decrement
`a--`	post-decrement
`c Void main () { int a = 5; printf ("%d", a++); printf("%d", ++a); printf("%d", --a); }`

Conditional operator (os) Ternary operator:

operator, It check the Conditim, If it is true, expl is evaluated. If it is false empa is evaluated.
Condition ? exp1 : exp2;

    #include <stdio.h>
    void maint()
    {
        int a = 5, b = 3, big;
        printf("Brgrid", big = a > b ? a : b);
    Printf ("Big %d", big);
    }
    ```

#### Bitwise Operator:
*   is used to manipulat the data at bit level.
| Operator | Meaning         |
| :------- | :-------------- |
| `&`      | Bitwise AND     |
| `\|`     | Bitwise OR      |
| `^`      | Bitwise XOR     |
| `<<`     | Shift left      |
| `>>`     | Shift Right     |
| `~`      | Onis Complement |

c
#include
void main()
{
int n = 7, y = 8;
printf("n&y: %d", n & y);
printf("n|y: %d", n | y);
printf("x^y:%d", n ^ y);
}

#### Special operator:
*   Member ulation operator `(., ->)` used to access elements from a Structure.
*   Comma operator `(,)` used to separate the Statment elements such as var, Constants, exp.
*   Size of` ()` Operator: Return the length of the specified variable.
*   Pointer operator: `(&, *)` `&` specify address of variable. `*` Specify value of the variable

### 4) Explain about Ilo Statements in & with example program
*   The input \ output function permit the transfer between the Computer and the Standard input/output devices.
*   It classified into two types.
    *   Formatted Ilo statements
        *   `scanf()`
        *   `printf()`
    *   Unformatted Ilo Statements
        *   `gets()`
        *   `getchar()`
        *   `putcha()`
        *   `puts()`
*   It is simplest form of all input/output operations are reading a character from the Standard input unit and writing it to the standard output unit.

#### getchar():-
*   It reads a single character from a standard input device ( keyboard).
    ```c
    Var-name = getchar();
    ```

#### getche():-
*   read a Single keyboard.
*   is displayed on the output screen without waiting for the press they enter key.
    ```c
    Var-name = getchers;
    ```

#### Putchar():-
*   Single character can be displayed
    ```c
    putchar (var-name);
    ```

#### gets():-
*   It is accept the name of the String as a parameter, till a newline character is encountered.
    ```c
    gets (str);
    ```

#### puts():-
*   It is used to display the string to the standard output device.
putsc):

c
puts (str);
```

5) Write short note on following statements i) goto ii) break iii) Continue

The inconditional Statument transfer the control from one point to another without checking any condition.

goto statement:

The goto statement is used to branch unconditionally from one point to another point in the program.
The goto statement require lable in order to identify the place where the control to be transferred.

    goto label;

    label:

```c
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
    int a = 50, b = 20;
    if (a > b)
        goto big;
    else
        printf("B is big");
big: printf("A is big");
}
```

Break Statement:-

It is used to terminate the loop, where the keyword break is used inside any c loop.

    break;

```c
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{

    for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
    {
        if (i == 3)
            break;
        Printf("%d", 1);
    }
}
```

Continue Statement:-

used to nest iteration of loop statement when it occur in the loop.
It skip the Statement after this statement.

    Continue;

```c

include

void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<= 5; i++)
{
if(i==3)
Continue;
Printf("%d", i);
}
}

### 6) Explain the structure of a C program
*   Documentation Section
*   Pre processor Section
*   Definition Section
*   Global declaration Section
*   main() function section
    {
        declaration part;
        Executable part;
    }
*   Subprogram Section user defined
    {
        body
    }

#### Documentation Section:
*   The documentation section consist of Comment lines giving the name of program and other detail.
*  Comment is a non-executable statement. It is placed between /* and */
### Pre processor Section:-
*   In a pre processor section which direct the compile to link functions from the system library.
    ```c
    #include <stdio.h>
    #define P2 3.14
    ```

#### Global declaration Section :-
*   There are some variable that are used more than One function. Such variables are called global variable and are declared in the global declaration section.
*   It is declared outside all the functions.

#### Function main():-
*   must Contain two parts.
    *   Declaration part
    *   Executable part
*   Declaration part contains the statements following main. It declares all the variable used in the progam
*   Enecutable part Contain the statements declaration part. Here logic of the they provide a instruction to the Computer to perform a specific task.

#### Subprogram Section :-
*   It contains all the defined functions that are called in the main function.
*   User defined functions are generally placed immediatly after the main function., although they may appear in any order.
    ```c
/* Sum of two numbers */Document Section
#include <stdio.h> Preprocessor Section

#define A 5 Definition Seelim.

int c; Global variable declaration.
int add (int); //prototyping

main()
{
    int b; //variable declaration
    printf("Enter the value of b");
    scanf (" %d", &b);
    c=add(b); //function calling
    printf("Sum=%d", c);
}

int add (int b)
{
    c = A+b;
    return c;
    }

Applications of C:

Used in operating system
Used in GUI
Used in New Programming platform
Used in Embedded system
Used in Compitur design
Used in Gaming and Animation

7) Explain the different types of data available in C

Datatypes are the type of data, that are going to access within the program.
c supports different data types, each data type may have predefined memory requirement and storage representation.

Primary datatype:-

int
float
double
char

Intigers:-

are the numbers with supported range.
Integer occupied one word of storage. Sizes of integers vary from 16 bit or 32 bits.
c int a

Float :-

floating point number are stored in 32 bit, with 6 digits precision.
It is used to store numeric values with decimal point.
c float n

Double:-

number uses 64 bit giving a precision of 14 digits, known as double precision number.
c double y

Character:-

A single character can be defined as char datatype character are usually stored in 8 bit.
c char a;

Type qualifier:

Sort
Long
Signed
Unsigned
The declaration of long and unsigned integer permits increase the range of values.
User defined datatype
User defined datatype is used to Creat New data typer, `type allows declaration user to define an identifier that would represent an existing datatype.
Syntax:- typedef type identifier.
type refers to the existing datatype,
identifier refers to new name given to the datatype

typedef int marks

Another user defined datatype is enumerated data type.

Syntan:
enum identifier  {    vari, var2,...varn  }
enum day {    Monday, Tuusday, Wednesday  }
enum Color {    blue=2, black=0, green = 1  }

Derived datatype:

Datatype that are derived from fundamental datatype are Called derivea datatype. Derived datatype add some ofunctionality to the basic datatypes.
Array: Collection of variables of sametype
Pointer: Hold a memory address of another variable
Structure: Collection of variables under Single name
Union: Multiple values of different data types under a same name.
Void datatype is used to represent
an empty or null value

C program to find Square root of value
    #include <stdio.h>
 Void main()
{
      float n;  `
      printf ("Entor n value");
      scanf  (“%-f", &n) ;
      Printf (“Square root is %f",asqrt(x);
  }

UNIT - II ARRAYS AND STRINGS

Introduction to Arrays;
Declaration, initialization - One Dimensional array-
Two dimensional array
String Operations, length, Compare, Concatenate, Copy-
Selection Sort, linear and bisary Search.

PART-A

1) What is an array? Write down the Syntax for array declaration (AU- Apr/May - 2022).

Array is a collection of of Similar type All Values are stored in Continuous memory Locations. All Values share a Common name.
The elements are Organized in sequential area.
Syntax : datatype array-name [size];
Example:

int a [10];

2) Write a c function to compare two Strings

Strcmp() function is Used to Compares two strings two strings are Compared Character by character.
If the function returns 0 Value. Otherwise it returns the numerical difference between the first matching characters.
Syntax : Stremp ( stringl

STUCOR_CS3251-HS

Syllabus

CS3251 - PROGRAMMING IN C - SYLLABUS

UNIT I - BASICS OF C PROGRAMMING

PART-A

1) What is the importance of keyword?

2) What do you mean by C tokens?

3) What are variables? Give example.

4) Write a loop statement to print 10 to 1.

5) Give the use of pre processor.

6) Difference between while and do…while

7) What is the use of "break" statement?

8) Define delimiters in C

9) What is the use of #define processor

10) List out various Input & output statements in c

PART B

1) Explain the decision making statement in C with example programs.

Simple-if statement:

If-else Statement:

Nested-if

if-else-if ladder:

Switch case statement:

2) Explain the looping statement in c with example programs.

while loop:

do…while loop:

For loop:

Nested for loop:

3) Explain different types of operators in c with example programs.

Arithmetic operator:

Relational Operator:

Logical operator:

Assignment operator:

Compound assignment:

Nested co. Multiple Assignment:

Increment and Decrement Operator (Unary oprty):

Conditional operator (os) Ternary operator:

5) Write short note on following statements i) goto ii) break iii) Continue

goto statement:

Break Statement:-

Continue Statement:-

include

Applications of C:

7) Explain the different types of data available in C

Primary datatype:-

Intigers:-

Float :-

Double:-

Character:-

Type qualifier:

Derived datatype:

UNIT - II ARRAYS AND STRINGS

PART-A

1) What is an array? Write down the Syntax for array declaration (AU- Apr/May - 2022).

2) Write a c function to compare two Strings