Chapter 18 - Organizational change & stress management

## Forces for change   \## Planned change * @@Change@@: making things different. * @@Planned change@@: change activities that are intentional and goal-oriented. \## Resistance to change * @@Change agents@@: persons who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing change activities.   \## Approaches to managing organizational change * Lewin’s three-step model * @@Unfreezing@@: changing to overcome the pressures of both individual resistance and group conformity. * @@Unfreezing@@: changing to overcome the pressures of both individual resistance and group conformity. *@@Unfreezing@@: changing to overcome the pressures of both individual resistance and group conformity. **@Unfreezing@@: changing to overcome the pressures of both individual resistance and group conformity. 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conformity. roup conformity. oup conformity. up conformity. p conformity. conformity. conformity. onformity. nformity. formity. ormity. rmity. mity. ity. ty. y. . * @@Movement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.* @@Movement*@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.*@@Movement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.*@Movement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.Movement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.ovement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.vement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end state.ement@@: change process that transforms the organization from the status quo to a desired end 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change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces. ** @@Refreezing@@*: stabilizing a change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces. **@@Refreezing*@@: stabilizing a change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces. *@Refreezing@@: stabilizing a change intervention by balancing driving and restraining forces. 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Driving forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. riving forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. iving forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. ving forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. ing forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. ng forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. g forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. forces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. orces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. rces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. ces$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. es$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. s$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo.$: forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. $: forces that direct behavior away from 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the status quo. ehavior away from the status quo. havior away from the status quo. avior away from the status quo. vior away from the status quo. ior away from the status quo. or away from the status quo. r away from the status quo. away from the status quo. away from the status quo. way from the status quo. ay from the status quo. y from the status quo. from the status quo. from the status quo. rom the status quo. om the status quo. m the status quo. the status quo. the status quo. he status quo. e status quo. status quo. status quo. tatus quo. atus quo. tus quo. us quo. s quo. quo. quo. uo. o. . **** $***Restraining forces***$*: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium. *** $***Restraining forces***$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium. ** $***Restraining forces***$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium. $**Restraining forces**$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.*$Restraining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.$Restraining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.Restraining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.estraining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.straining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.training forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.raining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.aining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.ining forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.ning forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.ing forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.ng forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium.g forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing equilibrium. forces$: forces that hinder movement from the existing 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Establish a sense of urgency by creating a compelling reason for why change is needed. 2. Form a coalition with enough power to lead the change. 3. Create a new vision to direct the change and strategies for achieving the vision. 4. Communicate the vision throughout the organization. 5. Empower others to act on the vision by removing barriers to change and encouraging risk taking and creative problem solving. 6. Plan for, create and reward short-term “wins” that move the organization towards the new vision. 7. Consolidate improvements, reassess changes and make necessary adjustments in the new programs. 8. Reinforce the changes by demonstrating the relationship between new behaviors and organizational success.* @@Action research@@: change process based on systematic collection of data and then selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicate.* @@Organizational development (OD)@@: collection of planned change interventions, built on humanistic democratic values, that seeks to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being.* @@Sensitivity training@@: training groups that seek to change behavior through unstructured group interaction.* @@Survey feedback@@: use of questionnaires to identify discrepancies among member perceptions; discussion follows and remedies are suggested.* @@Process consultation (PC)@@: meeting in which a consultant assists a client in understanding process events with which he/she must deal and identifying processes that need improvement.* @@Team building@@: high interaction among team members to increase trust and openness.* @@Inter-group development@@: OD efforts to change the attitudes, stereotypes and perceptions that groups have of each other.* @@Appreciative inquiry (AI)@@: approach that seeks to identify the unique qualities and special strengths of an organization, which can then be built on to improve performance. ## Creating a culture for change * Stimulating a culture of innovation * @@Innovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.* @@Innovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.*@@Innovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.@Innovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.Innovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.nnovation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or service.novation@@: new idea applied to initiating or improving a product, process or 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and ensure that the idea is implemented.*@@Idea champions@@**: individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.**@Idea champions**: individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.Idea champions: individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.dea champions@@: individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.ea champions@@: individuals who take an innovation and actively and enthusiastically promote the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.a champions@@: individuals who take an innovation and 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the idea is implemented. the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.the idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.he idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.e idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented. idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.idea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.dea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.ea, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.a, build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented., build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented. build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.build support, overcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.uild 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implemented.vercome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.ercome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.rcome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.come resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.ome resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.me resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.e resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented. resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.resistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.esistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.sistance and ensure that the idea is implemented.istance and ensure that the idea is implemented.stance and ensure that the idea is implemented.tance and ensure that the idea is implemented.ance and ensure that the idea is implemented.nce and ensure that the idea is implemented.ce and ensure that the idea is implemented.e and ensure that the idea is implemented. and ensure that the idea is implemented.and ensure that the idea is implemented.nd ensure that the idea is implemented.d ensure that the idea is implemented. ensure that the idea is implemented.ensure that the idea is implemented.nsure that the idea is implemented.sure that the idea is implemented.ure that the idea is implemented.re that the idea is implemented.e that the idea is implemented. that the idea is implemented.that the idea is implemented.hat the idea is implemented.at the idea is implemented.t the idea is implemented. the idea is implemented.the idea is implemented.he idea is implemented.e idea is implemented. idea is implemented.idea is implemented.dea is implemented.ea is implemented.a is implemented. is implemented.is implemented.s implemented. implemented.implemented.mplemented.plemented.lemented.emented.mented.ented.nted.ted.ed.d..* Creating a learning organization * Learning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. * @@Learning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. *Learning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. @Learning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. Learning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. earning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. arning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. rning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ning organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ing organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ng organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. g organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. organization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. rganization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ganization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. anization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. nization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ization@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. zation@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ation@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. tion@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ion@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. on@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. n@@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. @@: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. @**: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. **: organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ** organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. organization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. rganization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ganization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. anization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. nization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ization that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. zation that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ation that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. tion that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ion that has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. on 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oped the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ped the continuous capacity to adapt and change. ed the continuous capacity to adapt and change. d the continuous capacity to adapt and change. the continuous capacity to adapt and change. the continuous capacity to adapt and change. he continuous capacity to adapt and change. e continuous capacity to adapt and change. continuous capacity to adapt and change. continuous capacity to adapt and change. ontinuous capacity to adapt and change. ntinuous capacity to adapt and change. tinuous capacity to adapt and change. inuous capacity to adapt and change. nuous capacity to adapt and change. uous capacity to adapt and change. ous capacity to adapt and change. us capacity to adapt and change. s capacity to adapt and change. capacity to adapt and change. capacity to adapt and change. apacity to adapt and change. pacity to adapt and change. acity to adapt and change. city to adapt and change. ity to adapt and change. ty to adapt and change. y to adapt and change. to adapt and change. to adapt and change. o adapt and change. adapt and change. adapt and change. dapt and change. apt and change. pt and change. t and change. and change. and change. nd change. d change. change. change. hange. ange. nge. ge. e. . * Single-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. * @@Single-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. *@@Single-loop learning@@**: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. **@Single-loop learning**: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. Single-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ingle-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ngle-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. gle-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. le-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. e-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. -loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. loop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. oop learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. op learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. p learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. learning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. earning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. arning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. rning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ning@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ing@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ng@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. g@@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. @@: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. @**: process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. : process of correcting errors using past routines and present policies. ** process of correcting errors using past routines and 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routines and present policies. cting errors using past routines and present policies. ting errors using past routines and present policies. ing errors using past routines and present policies. ng errors using past routines and present policies. g errors using past routines and present policies. errors using past routines and present policies. errors using past routines and present policies. rrors using past routines and present policies. rors using past routines and present policies. ors using past routines and present policies. rs using past routines and present policies. s using past routines and present policies. using past routines and present policies. using past routines and present policies. sing past routines and present policies. ing past routines and present policies. ng past routines and present policies. g past routines and present policies. past routines and present policies. past routines and present policies. ast routines and present policies. st routines and present policies. t routines and present policies. routines and present policies. routines and present policies. outines and present policies. utines and present policies. tines and present policies. ines and present policies. nes and present policies. es and present policies. s and present policies. and present policies. and present policies. nd present policies. d present policies. present policies. present policies. resent policies. esent policies. sent policies. ent policies. nt policies. t policies. policies. policies. olicies. licies. icies. cies. ies. es. s. . ** Double-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.* @@Double-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.*@@Double-loop learning@@*: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.@Double-loop learning: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.Double-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ouble-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.uble-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ble-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.le-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.e-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.-loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.loop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.oop learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.op learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.p learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines. learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.learning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.earning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.arning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.rning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ning@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ing@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ng@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.g@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.@@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.@: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.**: process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.** process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard routines.process of correcting errors by modifying the organization’s objectives, policies and standard 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standard routines.zation’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ation’s objectives, policies and standard routines.tion’s objectives, policies and standard routines.ion’s objectives, policies and standard routines.on’s objectives, policies and standard routines.n’s objectives, policies and standard routines.’s objectives, policies and standard routines.s objectives, policies and standard routines. objectives, policies and standard routines.objectives, policies and standard routines.bjectives, policies and standard routines.jectives, policies and standard routines.ectives, policies and standard routines.ctives, policies and standard routines.tives, policies and standard routines.ives, policies and standard routines.ves, policies and standard routines.es, policies and standard routines.s, policies and standard routines., policies and standard routines. policies and standard routines.policies and standard routines.olicies and standard routines.licies and standard routines.icies and standard routines.cies and standard routines.ies and standard routines.es and standard routines.s and standard routines. and standard routines.and standard routines.nd standard routines.d standard routines. standard routines.standard routines.tandard routines.andard routines.ndard routines.dard routines.ard routines.rd routines.d routines. routines.routines.outines.utines.tines.ines.nes.es.s.. \## Work stress and its management * @@Stress@@: unpleasant psychological process that occurs in response to environmental pressures.* @@Challenge stressors@@: stressors associated with work load, pressure to complete tasks and time urgency. * @@Hindrance stressors@@: stressors that keep you from reaching your goals (red tape, office politics, confusion over job responsibilities).* @@Demands@@: responsibilities, pressures, obligations and even uncertainties that individuals face in the workplace. * @@Resources@@: things within an individual's control that can be used to resolve demands.   \\