Comprehensive General Education Study Guide for SET A and SET B

Filipino Language, Literature, and Grammar

• Terminology and Definitions:

  • Tatlong Tuldok: Refers to the Ellipsis.
  • Literatura (Research): Found in Kabanata II of a research paper.
  • Sukat: Refers to the bilang ng pantig (number of syllables) in poetry.
  • Lathalain: A type of writing that reports true events based on study, research, or interviews, written in an interesting or creative manner.
  • Pangnagdaan: The aspect of the verb used in the word "Kapapasok" (just entered).
  • Metatesis: A linguistic phenomenon involving the transposition of sounds or syllables.
  • Modernisasyon: The reason for including the letters F and V in the Filipino alphabet; implemented in the year 1987.
  • Diptonggo: Examples include words like aliw and bahay (vowel + semi-vowel in the same syllable).
  • Pamukod: A type of conjunction (pangatnig) used for selection, isolation, or distinction (pagpili, pagbubukod, at pagtatangi).
  • Kyu: The equivalent pronunciation of the letter Q in Filipino.
  • Klaster: Also known as kambal katinig (consonant clusters).
  • Coo-coo: A theory of language origin suggesting language came from the sounds or cries of an infant.

• Idioms and Phrases:

  • "You are the apple of my eye": Translated as "Ikaw ay mahalaga sa akin".
  • "Tila matino siya sa bayan, ngunit buwaya sa katihan": Refers to a Traydor (traitor).
  • "He is the black sheep of the family": An example of a Metaphor.
  • "Makabuo ng pamatnubay": Following guidelines (pamatnubay) is considered kumbensyonal (conventional).

• Sentence Analysis:

  • In the sentence "Mayaman sa sustansya ang patatas", the adjective/predicate (pang-uri/panaguri) is Mayaman.
  • The root word (salitang ugat) of "sinukuan" is suko.

English Language and Vocabulary

• Synonyms and Definitions:

  • Aplomb: Calmness or composure.
  • Verbatim: Word by word.
  • Impertinent: Irrelevant.
  • Profanity: Obscenity.
  • Penchant: Fondness.
  • Pulchritude: Loveliness.
  • Abase: To be demoted or lowered in rank.
  • Despotic: Cruel or tyrannical.
  • Persiflage: While often meaning light banter, transcript notes it as "Praise glowingly" in this context.
  • Dexterity: Manual skill.
  • Amorphous: Shapeless.
  • Transmuted: Changed.
  • Transcendental: Supernatural.
  • Rancor: Bitterness.
  • Carnal: Worldly.
  • Sine qua non: Indispensable; an essential condition.
  • Euphoria: Extreme happiness.
  • Loquacious: Verbose or talkative.
  • Mundane: Ordinary.
  • Apocalyptic: Prophetic.
  • Voracious: Very eager or greedy in eating.
  • Volition: Will.
  • Esoteric: Understandable by only a few.
  • Docile: Easy to manage.
  • Erudite: Learned or scholarly.
  • Candor: Frankness.
  • Connoisseur: Expert in matters of taste.
  • Coup de grace: A death blow.

• Grammar and Usage:

  • Is vs. Are: "Bread with butter is my favorite snack" (treated as a single unit).
  • Is vs. Are: "The student's request to reset the test is reasonable."
  • Pronouns: "The cost of a new family house is quite expensive for us."
  • Reflexive Pronouns: "I am always careful not to hurt myself."
  • Possessive Pronouns: "My sister and I met an acquaintance of ours."
  • Direct/Indirect Objects: "We admire her… when Cynthia speaks English fluently with us."
  • Verb Tense: "The box was left in the corner was empty."

• Foreign Phrases and Loan Words:

  • Acapella: Singing without accompaniment.
  • Alter ego: A close and inseparable friend.
  • Amor con Amor sepaga: Love begets love.
  • Caveat emptor: Let the buyer beware (or decide).
  • Ad nauseam: To an excessive degree.
  • Renaissance: Rebirth.
  • Soiree: An evening party.
  • Mesdames: The plural form of Madame.

Literature and Arts

• Classical Works and Figures:

  • Hamlet: Source of the line "To be or not to be."
  • Romeo and Juliet: Known as the "two ill-starred lovers."
  • Helen of Troy: Described as "the face that launched a thousand ships."
  • Portia (Merchant of Venice): Her speech notes that "Mercy seasons justice", advising litigants to forgive while seeking justice.
  • Nelson Mandela: Achieved goals through unity.

• Philippine Literature and Authors:

  • Ophelia Dimalanta: Author associated with Love Sonnets.
  • Nick Joaquin: A famous Hispanic Filipino writer.
  • Jose Rizal: Author of the fable "The Monkey and the Turtle"; used pen names Dimasalang and Laong-Laan.
  • Andres Bonifacio: Wrote The Decalogue (Ten Commandments of the Katipunan).
  • Severino Reyes: Known by the pen name Lola Basyang.
  • Pedro Bucaneg: Known as the Father of Ilocano Literature; Ilocano balagtasan is called Bukanegan.
  • Francisco Baltazar: The Father of Tagalog Poetry.
  • Juan Crisostomo Soto: The Father of Pampango Literature.
  • Alejandro Abadilla: The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry.
  • Amado Hernandez: Known as the poet of the workers or laborers.
  • Pascual Poblete: Known as the Father of Filipino Newspaper (Ama ng Pahayagang Tagalog).
  • Graciano Lopez Jaena: First editor of La Solidaridad.
  • Juan Luna: Used the pen name Taga-ilog.
  • Jose Ma. Panganiban: Known for his Memoria Fotografica.
  • Maragtas: A Visayan epic concerning good manners and right conduct.
  • Alibata/Baybayin: The earliest writing system in the Philippines, consisting of $15$ letters.

• Arts and Performance:

  • Carillo: A type of puppet play.
  • Castrillo: Associated with landmark structures.
  • San Pedro: Famous composer from Angono.
  • Cecille Licad: Renowned Filipino pianist.
  • Naty Crame Rogers: Associated with Sala Theatre.
  • Severino Montano: Associated with Arena Theatre.
  • Classical: An artistic tradition seeking to revive past glory.

Mathematics

• Number Theory and Arithmetic:

  • Prime Numbers: $51$ is NOT a prime number (it is divisible by $3 \times 17$). Numbers like $31$, $41$, and $61$ are prime.
  • Prime Factors:
    • The prime factorization of $120$ is $2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 3 \times 5$.
    • The prime factors of $273$ are $3 \times 7 \times 13$.
    • The prime factors of $91$ are $7 \times 13$.
    • The prime factors of $56$ are $7 \times 2 \times 2 \times 2$.
  • Least Common Multiple (LCM): The LCM of $12$ and $60$ is $120$ (Note: Transcript answer is 120, though mathematically 60 is the least common multiple; use 120 for the test context provided).
  • Greatest Common Factor (GCF):
    • GCF of $6$, $42$, and $18$ is $6$.
    • GCF of $24$, $45$, and $1$ is $1$.

• Financial Mathematics:

  • Simple Interest Formula: $I = P \times r \times t$
    • Problem 1: Amount paid for $2.5$ years on $8,000$ at $12\%$ interest. Interest = $8,000 \times 0.12 \times 2.5 = 2,400$. Total amount = $8,000 + 2,400 = 10,400$.
    • Problem 2: Interest on $10,000$ at $8\%$ for $3$ years. Interest = $10,000 \times 0.08 \times 3 = 2,400$.

• Geometry and Measurement:

  • Angles: All right angles are equal to each other.
  • Collinear Points: Three or more points that lie on the same line.
  • Right Triangles: If two legs of one right triangle are equal to the two legs of another, the triangles are congruent.
  • Shapes: A brick is a rectangular solid.
  • Volume: An aquarium with a length, width, and height provided (transcript lists 9 cm and 5 cm) has a volume of $315\,cm^3$.

• Statistics:

  • Central Tendency: The Mode is used for categorical data like t-shirt sizes.
  • Median: To find the median of $10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20$, take the average of the middle two numbers ($13$ and $15$), which is $14$.

Science and Technology

• Biology and Life Sciences:

  • Surface Tension: Allows a toothpick or paper clip to float on water.
  • Ecological Succession: The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
    • Secondary Succession: Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil.
  • Ecological Niche: Refers to the specific role of an organism, such as an ant colony.
  • Botany:
    • Cytokinins and Auxins: Plant hormones responsible for growth.
    • Photosynthesis: The food-making process of plants.
    • Chlorophyll: The molecule that captures sunlight for photosynthesis.
    • Oxygen: A by-product of photosynthesis.
    • Carbon Dioxide: Given off by plants in the evening.
  • Microbiology/Pathology:
    • Saprophytes: Organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter.
    • Mollusk: Marine organism that causes the Red Tide phenomenon.
    • Capsid: The protein shell of a virus.
    • Penicillin: Discovered by Alexander Fleming.
  • Human Biology/Genetics:
    • Trisomy 21: Known as Down Syndrome.
    • Hemophilia: An x-linked trait; genetic disorder where blood doesn't clot normally.
    • Skin: The body's largest organ.
    • Lungs: Main organ for respiration.
    • Rigor Mortis: The first stage of decomposition where the body turns rigid.
    • Gametes: In humans, they contain $22$ autosomes and $1$ sex chromosome.
    • Maturation Theory: Proposed by Arnold Gesell.

• Chemistry and Physics:

  • Ferromagnetic: Iron is this type of magnetic material.
  • Element: The simplest substance that cannot be decomposed further by normal chemical means.
  • Water: Known as the universal solvent.
  • Nitrogen: The most abundant gas in the atmosphere.
  • Silicons: Have $14$ protons.
  • Citric Acid: Elements include Hydrogen and Nitrogen (Note: Per transcript data).
  • Esters: Found in perfumes.
  • Hypertonic Solutions: Cause cells to shrink.
  • Light: Travels fastest in air.
  • Colloid: Milk is an example.

• Environmental Science:

  • Global Warming: Caused by greenhouse gases.
  • Acid Rain: Falls to earth poisoning fish and destroying vegetation.
  • Food Web: Defines the feeding connections between all life forms.
  • Antarctica: Classified as the largest cold desert.

• Information Technology:

  • Internet: The "information superhighway."
  • Online Search: The use of telephone lines and computers to access databases and libraries.
  • Email: Transmits messages globally within seconds; replaced pen and paper. Messages are transported via email servers.
  • Hardware: Collective term for the CPU, cable, and keyboard.
  • Diwata I: The first satellite launched by the Philippines.

Philippine History and Governance

• Historical Figures:

  • Jose P. Laurel: President of the Japanese-sponsored Republic.
  • Andres Bonifacio: The "Great Plebeian" and Father of the Katipunan.
  • Diosdado Macapagal: Changed the date of Independence Day.
  • Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Coined the term Frailocracia; second editor of La Solidaridad.
  • Pedro Pelaez: A Spanish Mestizo priest.
  • Aquilino Pimentel: Known as the Father of Local Government.
  • Manuel A. Roxas: First President of the Third Republic.
  • Sergio Osmeña: First appointed head of the Department of Education during the Commonwealth period.
  • Emilio Jacinto: The Utak ng Himagsikan.
  • Apolinario Mabini: The Utak ng Rebolusyon.
  • Tomas Pinpin: The first Filipino printer (kauna-unahang manlilimbag).
  • Trinidad Tecson: Mother of Biak-na-Bato and Mother of the Red Cross.
  • Mariano Trias: First Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines.
  • Magellan's Ships: Included the Trinidad, Conception, Victoria, San Antonio, and San Tiago.

• Colonial History and Culture:

  • Reduccion: Resettlement of Filipinos to the Cabecera.
  • Blood Compact: Agreement between Legaspi and Sikatuna.
  • Tobacco Monopoly: Associated with Jose Blanco.
  • Negritos: Aboriginal settlers of the Philippines.
  • Highway 54: The old name of EDSA during WWII.
  • Philippine Normal University: Established by Americans in 1901 for educators.
  • Kumintang: Song sung by Filipinos preparing for war.
  • Kinkee: Gas lamp used in Intramuros.
  • Distinguished and ever loyal city: Name given to Manila by Legaspi.
  • Alibata: Earliest writing system.
  • Doctrina Cristiana: The first book written in the Philippines.

• Governance and Law:

  • Checks and Balances: Safeguard to prevent one branch from becoming too powerful.
  • Veto Power: The power of the executive to reject a piece of legislation.
  • Political Rights: The right to vote and be voted upon.
  • Expropriation Right: Power of the state to take private property for public use.
  • Police Power: Power used for the General Welfare.
  • Bicameralism: A legislature with two houses (House of Representatives and Senate/Upper and Lower house).
  • Separation of Powers:
    • Executive: Implementing body.
    • Legislative: Lawmaking body.
    • Judiciary: Interpreting body; can declare laws unconstitutional as a check on the executive.
  • Taxes:
    • Real Estate Tax: Tax on properties.
    • Community Tax: Tax paid by all adults.
    • Senior Citizens/Foreigners: Exemptions or specific rules regarding tax payments in the Philippines (Transcript references context of who doesn't pay tax).
  • Writs:
    • Writ of Amparo: Protects life, liberty, and security.
    • Writ of Habeas Data: Protects Information Privacy.
    • Writ of Habeas Corpus: Demands the presence of the accused in court.
  • Miranda Rule: The right of a person under arrest.
  • Agrarian Reform: Objective is to distribute arable lands to the landless.
  • Jus Sanguinis: Citizenship follows the nationality of parents.
  • Plebiscite: Direct vote by the electorate on important questions like constitutional changes.
  • Franchise: The right to vote; disenfranchise means its removal.

Philosophy and Education

• Educational Theories and Proponents:

  • John Dewey: Learning by doing.
  • David Froebel: Father of Kindergarten.
  • Auguste Comte: Father of Sociology.
  • John Amos Comenius: Father of Modern Education.
  • Wilhelm Wundt: Father of Psychology.
  • Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis and modern psychology; Psychosexual theory.
  • Johann Heinrich: Father of Education and Pedagogy.
  • Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning.
  • B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning.
  • David Ausubel: Meaningful Learning.
  • Jerome Bruner: Discovery Learning and Spiral Curriculum.
  • Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive Learning Theory.
  • Edward Thorndike: Law of Readiness and Exercises.
  • Kurt Levin: Life space content.
  • Wolfgang Kohler: Problem-solving by insight.
  • Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Theory.
  • Howard Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences.
  • Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Theory.
  • Erik Erikson: Psychosocial Development Theory.
  • Jean Piaget: Cognitive Learning Theory.
  • Lev Vygotsky: Socio-cultural Theory of Cognitive Development; Scaffolding.
  • John Locke: Tabula rasa (blank slate); Empiricism.
  • Charles Cooley: Looking Glass Self-Theory.
  • Benjamin Bloom: Cognitive Taxonomy.

• Educational Concepts:

  • Chivalric Education: Social discipline focusing on etiquette.
  • Socratic Method: Teachers ask questions to help students clarify ideas.
  • Saracenic Education: Training for scientific thinking.
  • Epistemology: Examines the nature and origin of human knowledge.
  • Empiricism: Sensory experience is the source of knowledge.
  • Agnosticism: Term coined by Thomas Huxley; belief that God is unknown.
  • Metaphysics: Seeks to find what is ultimately real.
  • Meritocracy: Leadership by people with talent.

Ethics and Morality

• Elements of Morality:

  • Conscience: The judgment of the intellect on the goodness or evil of an action.
  • Certain Conscience: clear knowledge of right and wrong.
  • Doubtful Conscience: Suspension of judgment (nagdadalawang isip).
  • Scrupulous Conscience: Tendency to see sins where there are none.
  • Lax Conscience: Minimizes the seriousness of sins.
  • Callous Conscience: Characteristic of serial offenders (thieves, killers, rapists).
  • Pharisaical Conscience: Viewing oneself as holier than others.

• Discussion Formats:

  • Symposium: Formal public speaking program; can be expensive.
  • Buzz Station: Noisy/active interaction inside the classroom.
  • Brainstorming: All ideas are given equal credence.
  • Seminar: Group meeting to study and discuss; typically 90 mins to 3 hours.
  • Workshop: Involves high audience engagement and training involvement.

General Information and Social Science

• Geography:

  • Ural Mountains: Separates Europe and Asia.
  • Thailand: Formerly known as Siam.
  • Mongoloids: Traditionally known as the "Yellow race."
  • Hinduism: Oldest religion in Asia.

• Sociological and Psychological Traits:

  • Bahala na: An ambivalent Filipino trait (can be positive or negative).
  • Masochistic Attitude: People with this develop a tendency to inflict self-pain.
  • Self-efficacy: People with strong self-efficacy do NOT avoid challenging tasks.
  • Matriarchal Family: The Mother plays the leading role.

• Miscellaneous Facts:

  • Heaviest Gold: $40\,kg$.
  • Gold Standard: $\text{40 kg}$ (referenced in context of weight).
  • Haiku: Consists of $17$ syllables and $3$ lines.
  • Panderegla: The first Filipino bread.
  • Lupang Hinirang: Sung for the first time in 1956.
  • Horticulture: The art of growing flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
  • Monotheist Religions: Christianity, Islam, Judaism.