Green Criminology(1)

Emerged in the 1990s to address environmental issues in criminology.
Integrates various theoretical perspectives: critical criminology, Marxist criminology, zemiology, cultural criminology, and Southern criminology.
Focus not only on human issues but also environmental harm and animal rights.

Introduce green criminology and typologies of environmental crimes.
Explore the relationship of green criminology with broader criminological theories.
Discuss conceptual tools for understanding green crimes and harms.

Primary Environmental Crimes: Directly caused by resource degradation (e.g., air pollution, deforestation).
Secondary Environmental Crimes: Exploitations that result from or are dependent on environmental injustices (e.g., illegal markets).
Tertiary Crimes: Crimes that occur in response to environmental harm (e.g., illegal migration).
Brown Crimes: Focus on pollution from corporate activity.
Green Crimes: Relate to harm against the natural environment.
White Issues: Concern practices like animal testing and genetic modification.

Corporate Crime: Includes actions by companies that harm the environment.
State Crime: Harm committed directly or indirectly by state actors.
State-Corporate Crime: Harm occurring when corporate actions are supported by the state (e.g., environmental negligence).
Emphasizes the role of corruption and collusion in environmental crimes.

Understanding corporate structure aids in analyzing environmental crimes.
Separation of ownership from management leads to reduced accountability (corporate veil).
Limited liability protects shareholders from legal repercussions.

Identification Doctrine: Challenges in establishing corporate mens rea (guilty mind).
Strict Liability: Imposes liability without the need to prove mens rea, potentially leading to underestimation of corporate crime severity.
Rehabilitative approach to corporate crime—questions the efficacy of corporate compliance measures.

BP Oil Spill (2010): Highlights issues of corporate responsibility, regulatory failures, and environmental impact.
Overview of how corporate malfeasance ties into broader green criminology.

Neoliberalism shapes the context of environmental harm through deregulation, prioritizing market over state control.
Encourages production that often overlooks environmental consequences.
Washington Consensus: Policy guidelines promoting free market principles at the cost of regulatory frameworks.

Tied to personal identity and social relationships through commodities.
Fast fashion exemplifies consumer culture and its environmental impact:
- Rapid production leads to significant waste and pollution.
- Consumer pressure leads to unsustainable consumption patterns.

Pre-COVID, tourism generated high CO2 emissions with claims of economic benefits.
Example: Republic of Maldives dealing with waste from mass tourism.

Green criminology offers essential frameworks for analyzing the intersections of crime, environment, and consumerism.
Requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating sociology, law, and critical theory.