Science Spring Exam Study Guide Other Versions: Quizlet (N/A yet)

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• 100 Multiple Choice

  • 6 Math

• 6 Free response

  • 4 Short answer

    • The first law of thermodynamics

    • Relationship between force and time (airbags)

    • Double slit experiment (what light was, a wave)

Space Exploration

1. What was the role of Sputnik in the exploration of space?

   1. This was the first thing that man had sent to space

2. Who were the Presidents' names instrumental in the space race?

   1. John F. Kennedy

      1. Challenged us to land on the moon

   2. Richard Nixon

      1. Was president during the moon landing

3. What were the goals and achievements of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs?

   1. Mercury

      1. It used to get one man to space, achieve orbit, make communications, and study the impact of humans in space.

   2. Gemini

      1. They are used to achieve rendezvous, docking, and EVAs, as well as two-man spaceflight.

   3. Apollo

      1. Get man to the moon and successfully come home and beat the Soviets to the moon.

4. Who were the notable firsts in the space program (e.g. first US astronaut in space, the first man on the moon)

   1. First Man in Space

      1. Yuri Gagarin

   2. First American in space

      1. Alan Shepard

   3. First Man to spacewalk

      1. Alexi Leonov

   4. First American to spacewalk

      1. Ed White

   5. First man on the moon

      1. Neil Armstrong - Apollo 11, first mission to the moon

5. What were the significant causes of each of the disasters that have happened in the space program?

   1. Apollo one fire

      1. When there was a spark in the pure oxygen cabin with flammable materials causing the astronauts to burn in the capsule

   2. Challenger Explosion

      1. Frozen O-rings

   3. Columbia Re-entry

      1. A chunk of foam fell off the booster and hit the wing, knocking off heat tiles and causing the ship to burn up on re-entry

6. Why will a manned mission to Mars be difficult?

   1. Radiation

      1. We don't have an electromagnetic field to protect us

   2. Microgravity

      1. Long-term weight could cause bone loss and muscle atrophy

   3. Medical

      1. Lack of medical supplies in space, and they will need a doctor who knows every field of medical

   4. Psychological

      1. Being around the same people for two years straight

7. What is it called when you go outside the spacecraft?

   1. Spacewalk or EVA or extravehicular activity

TIP:  Study this section from the book.

Forces and Motion

1. What is the frame of reference?

   1. A point you assume to be stationary to compare an object in motion to it

2. What is inertia?

   1. Resistance to change of motion

3. What is velocity?

   1. Speed in a direction

4. What is the formula for velocity?

   1. v = d/t

5. What is the unit for velocity?

   1. Meters per second

6. What is acceleration?

   1. Forces cause acceleration

7. What is the unit for acceleration?

   1. Meters per second squared

8. What is the formula for acceleration?

   1. a = v_f – v_i / t

9. What is the unit for gravity?

   1. G = 9.8 m/s²

10. What is terminal velocity

    1. When the speed you are going equals the air resistance your acceleration stop

11. What is force?

    1. A push or a pull

12. What are Newton’s 3 laws of motion in your own words?

    1. When one object exerts force on another object, the second object responds with equal force in the opposite direction

13. What are some examples of Newton’s 3 laws of motion?

    1. A rocket flying: thrust is exerted downward causing the rocket to go upward

14. What is friction as an “outside force?”

    1. An object stays in motion unless acted upon by an outside force, and usually, friction is the outside force.

15. What is the formula for Newton's 2nd law?

    1. a = F/m

16. How does Newton’s 3^rd law apply to jets, rockets, etc?

    1. The object exerts force outward and behind it, pushing it forward

17. What is momentum?

    1. A measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object

18. What are some applications of momentum?

    1. Measuring how long it will take a car to stop

19. What is the formula for momentum?

    1. p = mv

20. What is the conservation of momentum in collisions?

    1. The net momentum of the two objects does not change, while the momentum of one object might.

21. What is friction?

    1. When two objects try to pass by one another the ridges on the objects create friction.

22. How does friction influence the motion of an object?

    1. Reduces the speed at which the object moves on a surface

Energy

1. What is the Hawks's definition of energy and explain why it is better. 

   1. The ability to cause change.

   2. Better because it doesn’t lead to circular defining.

2. What is potential energy? 

   1. The energy that is stored is due to position or composition. 

3. What is the equation for potential energy? 

   1. PE = mg

4. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 

   1. matter and energy can not be created or destroyed  

5. What is kinetic energy? 

   1. the energy of motion

6. What is the formula for kinetic energy? 

   1. KE = ½ mv²

7. What are some types of energy in different examples?

   1. Kinetic

   2. Electromagnetic

   3. Thermal

   4. Nuclear Potential

   5. Gravitational Potential

   6. Elastic Potential

   7. Chemical Potential

8. What is work?

   1. the movement of a mass due to a transfer of energy resulting from an applied force. 

9. What is the formula for work?

   1. W = Fd

10. What is power?

11. What is the formula for power?

    1. P = W / t

Waves and Sound

1. What is a medium?

   1. the matter that is disturbed by a wave.

2. What is a wave?

   1. a repeating disturbance that travels through either matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of energy

3. What is a pulse?

   1. If a disturbance happens only one time in a wave.

4. explain the difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

   1. Mechanical cannot travel without matter to travel through, electromagnetic waves do not require a medium.

5. What are the parts of a transverse wave?

6. What are the parts of a longitudinal wave?

7. define frequency.

   1. frequency of a wave is how many wavelengths pass per second.

8. define wavelength.

   1. The distance from one point on a wave to the identical point on the next wave (like crest to crest)

9. explain the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave.

   1. Transverse- the movement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

   2. longitudinal-  called a compression wave, the medium moves parallel to the motion of the wave.

10. define and recognize examples of reflection.

    1. Waves bouncing off a boundary, ex: satellite dishes

11. define and recognize examples of refraction.

    1. waves bending when changing media, ex: straw looks broken in the water. 

12. define and recognize examples of diffraction.

    1. Waves bending around a barrier, ex:  why you can hear someone around a corner 

13. What are some examples of interference?

    1. When waves meet - rather than constructing the waves together to make them bigger or destructing to make them smaller

14. What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference?

    1. When two waves’ crests meet they construct and become bigger

    2. When one wave crest hits another wave through, it becomes smaller

15. How does the human ear hear sound?

    1. The sound waves compressions and rarefactions hit your eardrum and move the occipital bones and it vibrates against the cochlea which has different sections for pitch. When that pitch gets stimulated, it sends a signal through the auditory nerve to your brain.

16. What are some analogies between waves and the sound you hear?

    1. Dropping something in a pond makes waves

17. 

    1. What pitch is this?

       1. Low pitch

18. 

    1. How loud is this?

       1. Loud sound

19. 

    1. What timbre is this?

       1. Smooth and not scratchy

20. What are the four ways that instruments make sound?

    1. Vibrating a membrane

    2. Vibrating a reed

    3. Vibrating an Air Column

    4. Vibration of a String

21. What is the Doppler effect?

    1. Change in perceived frequency caused by relative motion between the source and the observer

22. How is the Doppler effect used in weather and police radar guns?

    1. The wave frequency is shifted and the device does the math to calculate what the shift means

23. What is mach #?

    1. How many times the speed of sound

24. How is a sonic boom produced?

    1. Constructive interference

25. What is the range of the sonic spectrum (deepest, highest, faintest sounds)?

    1. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Tip:  The best source of study for this section is the test on this section.  The questions can’t change much.

Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

1. What are some different theories of light?

   1. Some people believed that light was particles, others believed that it was waves, and others were in between.

2. What is the electromagnetic spectrum in order from lowest to highest frequency?

   1. Radio

   2. Microwaves

   3. Infrared

   4. Visible 

   5. Ultraviolet

   6. X-Ray

   7. Gamma Ray

3. What are some examples of each of the electromagnetic waves?

   1. Radio waves

      1. Used in communication and telescopes

   2. Microwaves

      1. Background radiation of the universe

   3. Infrared

      1. Also, heat

   4. Visible 

      1. The light we can see

   5. Ultraviolet

      1. From sun, gives us vitamin D

   6. X-Ray

      1. Used in medical

   7. Gamma Ray

      1. Used for cancer treatment

4. What are the colors of visible light in order from lowest frequency to highest frequency?

   1. Red

   2. Orange

   3. Yellow

   4. Green

   5. Blue

   6. Violet

5. How does the human eye see light?

   1. Light passes through our cornea which bends the light and then passes through the iris which controls how much light comes through, then the lens, which bends it the perfect amount so that the focal point is our retina, then our rods and cones sense the intensity and color.

6. What do the rod cells in the eye detect?

   1. Light intensity

7. What do the cone cells in the eye detect?

   1. Light color

8. What are the primary colors of light?

   1. Red

   2. Blue 

   3. Green

9. What are the primary colors of pigment? 

   1. Magenta

   2. Yellow

   3. Cyan

10. What are the results when Red and Blue light is mixed?

    1. Magenta

11. What are the results when Blue and Green light is mixed?

    1. Cyan

12. What are the results when Red and Green light is mixed?

    1. Yellow

13. What are the results when Red, Blue, and Green light is mixed?

    1. White

14. What are the results when Cyan and Magenta pigments are mixed?

    1. Blue

15. What are the results when Magenta and Yellow pigments are mixed?

    1. Red

16. What are the results when Cyan and Yellow pigments are mixed?

    1. Green

17. What are the results when Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow pigments are mixed?

    1. Black

18. Why is the sky blue

    1. The light is bent throughout the atmosphere, so violet would shine directly down on us, and green at bout 45º away, but violet is perceived weaker and green is perceived stronger, so they mix and create blue.

19. why are sunsets red

    1. The light is bent so that the red light is directly at us

20. how are rainbows formed?

    1. The raindrops in the air act as prisms for light

Electricity and Magnetism

1. What are the two types of electrical charge.

   1.  Positive and Negative

2. What is static electricity. 

   1. a build-up of charge on an insulating material. 

3. What is a conductor. 

   1. Materials that allow the flow of charge-defined insulators. Materials that inhibit the flow of charge

4. What are the three ways of charging an object.

   1. Friction

   2. Conduction

   3. Induction

5. What is the law of electrostatics.

   1. Opposite charges attrakt and same charges repel

6. How  do electrical impulses travel in your nerves.

   1. neurotransmitters

7. What is the synapse.

   1. The area between 2 neurons where neurotransmitters flow

8. What is the role of neurotransmitters.

   1. To make you feel a certain way or recat a certain way

9. What is a seizure.

   1. When the nervous system does not function properly causing you to see, feel, or smell things that arent actually there and do involuntary motions.

10. What is the difference between direct and alternating currents.

    1. Direct current flows in a straight path and goes one way.

    2. Alternating current moves back and forth and can travel for much longer distances

11. What are the benefits and drawbacks of DC and AC?

    1. DC

       1. Easy to produce and does good at sbort distances

       2. Cant travel very far

    2. AC

       1. It can move super far and be very powerful

       2. It can be dangerous

12. What are the difference between series and parallel circuits.

    1. Series

       1. Current passes through every resistor, but if one burns out, the whole circuit does

    2. Parallel

       1. Multiple paths for electricity to follow, so that if one resistor stops working, the rest do too

13. When is it would be appropriate to use series circuits or parallel circuits.

    1. Series

       1. Cheap christmas lights

       2. Flashlights

    2. Parallel

       1. Used in homes for lighting, appliances, and more

       2. Used in computers so that multiple things can work simultaneously

14. how does the earth’s magnetic field affects some of the phenomena we see.

    1. Solar winds can hit it and their energy travels to the poles and creates auroas

15. What is the function of electromagnetic devices (motors, generators, electromagnets, speakers, microphones).

    1. Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical

    2. Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical

    3. Electromagnets create a magnetic field when an electric current passes through them

    4. Speakers convert electrical energy into sound waves

    5. Microphones convert sound waves into electrical

Math

Acceleration

A car accelerates at .85 meters per second squared for 9.3 seconds. If it started at 15 meters per second, what is its final velocity?

1. Listing your knowns and unknowns

   1. a = .85 m/s²

   2. t = 9.3 seconds

   3. V_i = 15 m/s

   4. V_f = ?

2. The formula

   1. a = V_f - V_i / t

3. The formula with units and numbers plugged in

   1. .85 m/s² = V_f - 15m/s / 9.3 seconds

4. Steps

   1. MULTIPLY by 9.3 seconds

      1. 7.905 m/s (seconds cancel out) = V_f - 15m/s

   2. ADD 15 m/s

      1. 22.905 m/s = V_f

5. The solution

   1. 22.905 m/s = V_f

   2. Does this answer make sense?

      1. The unit is coming out right

      2. Is it reasonable?

Newtons 3rd Law

A 75kg astronaut throws a 1.25kg hammer. If it accelerates at 17.5 m/s², what is the astronaut's acceleration?

1. Knowns and unknowns

   1. m_a = 75 kg (astronaut)

   2. m_h = 1.25 kg (hammer)

   3. a_h = 17.5 m/s² (hammer)

2. The formula

   1. m_a a_a = m_h (-a_h)

3. The formula with units and numbers plugged in

   1. (75kg)a_a = 1.25kg(-17.5m/s²)

4. Steps

   1. DIVIDE by 75kg

      1. a_a = -.292m/s²

5. Solution

   1. a_a = -.292m/s²

   2. Does the answer make sense?

      1. The unit comes out right

      2. Is it reasonable?

         1. It doesn't look like it is, but the hammer is tiny compared to the astronaut, he is 60 times heavier.

Power

A 40kg lemur climbs the Eiffel Tower (330m). If it takes 60 seconds, what is his power?

1. Knowns and unknowns

   1. m = 40kg

   2. h = 330m

   3. t = 60 sec

   4. g = 9.8 m/s²

   5. P = ?

2. The formula

   1. Separate

      1. P = w/t

      2. W = F_wd

      3. F_w = mg

   2. Smooshed together

      1. P = mgd/t

3. The formula with units and numbers plugged in

   1. F_w = (40kg)(9.8m/s²) = 392N

   2. W = (392N)(330m) = 129360J

   3. P = 129360J / 60s = 2156W

4. Solution

   1. 2156 W

   2. Does the answer make sense?

      1. Yes, it was at a fast speed for a short time.

Potential energy - Kinetic Energy

The lemur falls from the Eiffel Tower (330m), how fast will he be going when he hits the ground?

1. Knowns and unknowns

   1. m = 40kg

   2. h = 330m

   3. v = ?

2. The formula

   1. PE = mgh

   2. KE = 1/2mv²

   3. mgh = 1/2mv²

   4. gh = 1/2v²

3. Formula with units plugged in

   1. (9.8m/s²)(330m) = 1/2v²

      1. Divide by ½ (in calculator, do .5)

   2. 6468m²/s² = v²

      1. Find square root

   3. 80.424m/s = v

4. Solution

   1. 80.424m/s = v

   2. Does the answer make sense?

      1. Yes, it was very high up and weighed a lot.