Kami Export - CHLOE CHIN - 624736-Guided_Notes_-_The_Rise_of_Nationalism

Nationalism: Loyalty to one's nation and national interests.
Enlightenment: A movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition; significant for human rights.
Absolute rule: A form of governance where a single ruler has complete authority.
Ideologies: Sets of beliefs or philosophies that guide political or social movements.
Liberalism: A political ideology advocating for individual rights, democracy, and equality.
Bourgeoisie: The middle class, typically referencing those involved in commerce and industry.
Popular sovereignty: The principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people.
Nation-state: A political entity characterized by a defined territory and a permanent population under a single government, representing a specific nation or culture.
Aristocracy: A class of people holding exceptional privileges, often hereditary.
Congress: A legislative body of government.

Understand how nationalism connects similar cultural, linguistic, or historical entities into a cohesive state.
Analyze the development of philosophical theories that influenced the rise of nationalism in Europe.
Explore the impact of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution on the spread of nationalism.

Key Concepts:
- Emphasis on reason and individualism.
- Advocated for basic human rights, including liberty, property, and equality.
- Philosophers challenged the divine right of monarchs, pushing for forms of government that protect human rights.

Royal Families: Believed their right to rule was divinely ordained and were not accountable to the citizens.
Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers aimed to create just and fair societies, contributing to subsequent political movements.
The ideals led to political revolutions and social change in the 19th century.

Before the French Revolution, territorial boundaries were determined by monarchs through war, treaties, or inheritance.
- Example: The geopolitical landscape was filled with large empires, such as the Holy Roman Empire, which contained hundreds of smaller states.
Nationalism articulated the desire of various peoples to create nation-states based on shared identity and culture.

Romanticism: An artistic and literary movement focusing on emotion, nature, and individualism as a counterpoint to Enlightenment rationalism.
- Emphasized unique ethnic identities and cultural backgrounds.
Key Figures:
- Napoléon Bonaparte: Led French nationalism, unified France, and significantly altered social systems, promoting public education and reducing religious influence in governance.
The resentment among conquered peoples resulted in a desire for recognition based on their own identities and cultures, leading to nationalist sentiments.

Post-Napoleon, Europe sought to restore political order disrupted by warfare and reshape borders at the Congress of Vienna, involving major European powers.

In 1813, Napoleon’s campaigns led to pivotal battles where European coalitions defeated him, including the significant Battle of Leipzig.

Louis XVIII assumed the throne as a monarch under a constitutional charter promising equality and job access.

Led by Prince Klemens von Metternich, European leaders created a balance of power framework to maintain peace and conservative order in Europe.

The fragmented landscape of the German-speaking states and the unmet nationalist aspirations of various ethnic groups led to political instability.

Rise of Nationalism: Spurred on by the Napoleonic Wars, the quest for national unity became prominent in places like Italy and Germany.
German Unification (1862): Under Otto von Bismarck's leadership, Prussia became a dominant force, employing Realpolitik to unify German states while maintaining control over ethnic identity.

Challenges included regional identities, fragmented control from various foreign powers, and resistance from established rulers.
Support from France: Gained crucial assistance from Napoleon III to unify Italy by forming alliances and military coalitions.

Economic disparities between regions created division, and socio-political conflicts emerged between different ideological groups within the newly unified states.

Expansion of suffrage, industrial growth, and efforts toward better social conditions marked the post-unification period in both Italy and Germany.