Exploration and Colonization Key Terms

Paleo-Indian Migration

  • Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to North America.
  • They crossed the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia), which connected Siberia and Alaska.
  • Migration routes included:
    • Inland migration through an "ice-free corridor."
    • Pacific coastal migration, either on foot or by watercraft.
  • From North America, they spread to South America.

Mayan Civilization

  • The lecture mentions the Mayan civilization, implying its significance in the pre-Columbian Americas.

Aztec Empire

  • The Aztec Empire was located in present-day Mexico. Key cities included:
    • Tenochtitlan (the capital).
    • Texcoco.
    • Tlacopan.
    • Tula.
    • Tlatelolco.
    • Tenayuca
  • The empire bordered various other groups, including:
    • Tarascan.
    • Tepanec.
    • Otomi.
    • Totonac.
    • Tlaxcalan.
    • Mixtec.
    • Zapotec.
    • Yopi
    • Zoque

Technological Advancements

  • Astrolabe: An instrument used to make astronomical measurements, like the altitude of celestial bodies. It aided navigation by determining latitude.
  • Portuguese Caravel: A type of ship that was developed in Portugal and was very important in the age of exploration. It was highly maneuverable and could sail well against the wind.

The Silk Road

  • The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes connecting the East and West.
  • It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and culture between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
  • Major cities along the Silk Road included:
    • Istanbul.
    • Rome.
    • Novosibirsk.
    • Berlin.

Portuguese Exploration

  • Prince Henry the Navigator: A key figure in promoting Portuguese exploration.
  • Key Events:
    • By 1460, Portuguese sailors had reached the Canary Islands.
    • In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope.
    • In 1498, Vasco da Gama sailed to India.

Spain and the Reconquista

  • Ferdinand and Isabella: The King and Queen of Spain who sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages.
  • The Reconquista: The historical process by which the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula reclaimed territory from the Muslim Al-Andalus. By 1492, the Reconquista was complete.
  • Key kingdoms involved:
    • Kingdom of Leon.
    • Kingdom of Navarre.
    • Crown of Aragon.
    • Kingdom of Portugal.
    • Kingdom of Castile.
    • Al Andalus

Christopher Columbus

  • Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer who sailed for Spain.
  • Columbus's Voyages (1492-1504):
    • First voyage (1492-1493).
    • Second voyage (1493-1496).
    • Third voyage (1498-1500).
    • Fourth voyage (1502-1504).
    • He Landed in the Bahamas (San Salvador)

Hernán Cortés

  • Hernán Cortés: Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire.
  • Cortés's Route: Cortés traveled from Villa Rica to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, with a stop in Tlaxcala.
  • Cortés met Montezuma, the Aztec ruler.

Spanish Exploration of North America

  • Explorers searched for mythical cities like Cibola and Quivira.
  • Key Explorers and Expeditions:
    • Pineda, 1519.
    • Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico, 1528-36.
    • Fray Marcos and Estevanico, 1539.
    • Coronado, 1540-42.
    • Moscoso, 1542-43.
    • Oñate, 1598-1601.
  • The Narváez party was shipwrecked.

The Columbian Exchange

  • The Columbian Exchange refers to the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (Americas) following Columbus's voyages.
  • From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia:
    • Potato.
    • Peanut.
    • Tomato.
    • Corn.
    • Beans.
    • Vanilla.
    • Cassava.
    • Peppers.
    • Avocado.
    • Sweet Potato.
    • Cacao Bean.
    • Quinine.
    • Pineapple.
    • Squash.
    • Tobacco.
    • Turkey
  • From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas:
    • Grape.
    • Turnip.
    • Onion.
    • Sugar Cane.
    • Banana.
    • Olive.
    • Grains (Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats).
    • Livestock (Cattle, Sheep, Horse, Pig).
    • Coffee Bean.
    • Peach, Pear, Citrus Fruits.
    • Honeybee.
    • Diseases (Smallpox, Malaria, Influenza, Diphtheria, Typhus, Whooping Cough, Measles).

Jacques Cartier's Voyages

  • Jacques Cartier: A French explorer
  • First trip (1534).
  • Second trip (1535-36).
  • Explored the Saint Lawrence River, including Stadacona (Quebec City) and Hochelaga (Montreal).

Samuel de Champlain

  • Samuel de Champlain: Known as the "Father of New France."

Virginia

  • Known as the "Old Dominion."

English Colonization

  • Queen Elizabeth 1: Queen of England during the early stages of English colonization.
  • Sir Walter Raleigh: An important figure in early English attempts to colonize North America.
  • Pirates: Piracy was a significant issue during the period.
  • Roanoke - The Lost Colony:
    • Early English settlement that mysteriously disappeared.
    • Located near Roanoke Island, Pamlico Sound, and Albemarle Sound.
    • Native American groups in the area included Chowanoc, Weapemeoac, Secotan, and Pasquenoke.
    • Croatoan Island
  • King James I: King of England.
  • Roanoke and Jamestown:
    • Jamestown Colony was established in Virginia in 1607.
    • Lost colony, Roanoke Island
  • Jamestown 1607: First successful English colony in North America.
  • John Smith:
    • Important leader in the Jamestown Colony.
  • Tobacco:
    • Became a key cash crop for the Virginia Colony.
  • Powhatan and Pocahontas:
    • Powhatan was a powerful Native American chief.
    • Pocahontas was his daughter, known for her interactions with the English colonists.
  • 1619 – A Pivotal Year for VA Colony
    • House of Burgesses Established
    • Women arrive in large numbers
    • First Africans arrive
  • Slavery
    • Enslaved Africans worked in tobacco plantations in the colonies.
  • Bacon's Rebellion, 1676: A revolt in the Virginia Colony led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was triggered by government marginalization of indentured servants.

Puritanism in New England

  • Puritanism: A religious reform movement that sought to "purify" the Church of England.
  • John Winthrop: An important leader in the Puritan settlement of New England.
  • John Calvin: Influential theologian whose doctrines shaped Puritan beliefs.
  • Puritan Dissent with Church of England:
    • Congregationalists (Separatists): Wanted to leave the Church of England.
    • Presbyterians (Nonseparatists): Wanted to purify the Church of England from within.
  • Mayflower: The ship that transported the Pilgrims to America.
  • Plymouth Rock: Traditional site of the Pilgrims' landing.
  • Puritans: Puritans going to church was a common activity.
  • Puritan dissenters: Religious nonconformists faced persecution in Puritan Massachusetts.
  • Roger Williams: A religious leader who advocated for separation of church and state and founded Rhode Island.
  • Rhode Island: Founded by Roger Williams as a colony with religious freedom.
  • Oliver Cromwell: English statesman.
  • King Charles II: English King.
  • Witchcraft in Salem: A series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.
  • Witchcraft in Salem 1692: Height of the Salem witch trials.
  • New England Colonies
    • Maine (part of Mass.)
    • New Hampshire (part of Mass.)
    • Massachusetts Bay
    • Connecticut
    • Plymouth
    • Rhode Island

The Old Colonial System

  • The British colonial system from 1660 to 1763.
  • King Charles II: English King.
  • British Colonies
    • Quebec
    • Maine (belonged to Mass)
    • New Hampshire
    • New York
    • Massachusetts
    • Pennsylvania
    • Maryland
    • Virginia
    • North Carolina
    • South Carolina
    • Rhode Island
    • Connecticut
    • New York
    • New Jersey
    • Delaware
    • Charleston
    • Georgia
    • The Thirteen Colonies
    • Spanish Florida
  • New Amsterdam: Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City.
  • Savannah, Georgia: One of the British Colonies
  • Navigation Acts, 1660 - 1663
    • Colonial imports & exports could only be carried by English ships (captain & 75% of crew had to be English).
    • Enumerated articles (e.g., tobacco, sugar, indigo, etc.) could only be sold through British ports.
    • Staples Act, 1663 – goods imported into colonies had to go through British port first.

Mercantilism

  • Mercantilism
    • Slaves to the Americas
    • Sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Europe
    • Textiles, rum and manufactured goods to Africa
  • James II: King of England.
  • Edmund Andros: English colonial administrator in North America.
  • The Glorious Revolution: The overthrow of King James II of England.
  • William and Mary of Orange: Became King and Queen of England after the Glorious Revolution.
  • Navigation Act of 1696
    • Writs of Assistance
    • Violators tried in admiralty court

Additions to Old Colonial System

  • Woolens Act of 1699: No woolen product could be sold outside of the colony where it was produced.
  • Molasses Act of 1733: Placed a 6 cent per gallon tax on imports of foreign molasses.

The Anglo-French Conflict

  • The Anglo-French Conflict (1680s-1780s)
  • British and French struggle for control of North America
    • Building forts
    • Forming allies through trade
    • Fighting wars
  • Five wars (1680s-1780s)
    • King William’s War (1689-97).
    • Queen Anne’s War (1702-13).
    • King George’s War (1740-48).
    • French & Indian War (1754-63).
    • American War for Independence (1776-83).

French & Indian War

  • French & Indian War begins in southwest Pennsylvania (1754)
  • Key locations include Quebec, Montreal, Fort Louisbourg, and Fort Duquesne.
  • George Washington was involved in the early stages of the war.
  • The French & Indian War removes French from North America (1763)
  • The Battle of Quebec (1759)
  • Iroquois warriors

Conflict with the Mother Country

  • Ad for Franklin's Plan of Union
    • JOIN, or DIE.
  • CONFLICT WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY 1760 - 1775
  • The French Revolution (1789-99)
  • The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917)
  • The Chinese Revolution (1949)
  • Protesting the writs of assistance
  • Patrick Henry, denouncer of the royal veto
  • The French threat is gone
  • Colonists protest British taxes
  • One of several stamps of the infamous Stamp Act (1765)
  • Collecting the Townshend taxes could get you tarred and feathered
  • The "Boston massacre"
  • Resistance to the Tea Act
  • Coercive (aka Intolerable) Acts
    • Boston Port Act: closed port of Boston
    • Justice Act: moved some trials to England
    • Government Act: focused power on governor
    • Quartering Act: required colonists to provide housing in their homes for British soldiers
  • The 1st Continental Congress met in Philadelphia's Carpenter's Hall
  • The shooting starts at Lexington and Concord
  • The midnight ride of Paul Revere (and Samuel Prescott and William Dawes)
  • The "battle" of Lexington
  • Battle of Bunker Hill
  • British soldiers march up the hill in the Battle of Bunker Hill
  • **