AP World History Heimler Review - Units 6, 7, 8, 9

Berlin Conference

  • Otto von Bismarck of Germany calls the Berlin Conference.
  • Imperial powers carved up Africa among themselves through diplomacy.
  • No input from the Africans themselves.

Resistance from Colonized Peoples

  • Need to consider how colonized peoples responded to the intrusion of power, not just the powerful conquering the less powerful.
  • In general, the response is resistance.

Direct Resistance

  • Peru:
    • Indigenous leader Tupac Amaru led a rebellion against Spanish authorities.
    • The rebellion was crushed violently by the Spanish.
  • India:
    • Sepoy Mutiny (Indian Rebellion or Mutiny).

Creation of New States

  • Balkan states:
    • The Balkans in Southwestern Europe had been under the control of the Ottomans for a long time.
    • A wave of nationalism swept across various peoples and inspired them to fight for their independence.
    • New sovereign nations of Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria emerged.

Religiously Inspired Rebellions

  • Ghost Dance Movement in The United States:
    • Americans were expanding into the western part of the North American continent, leading to clashes with indigenous groups.
    • Prophecy: performing a ritual dance called the ghost dance would awaken their ancestral dead, and they would all join together and fight to expel the white settlers from their lands.
    • Led to a series of wars between The US and these various indigenous groups.
    • The US military crushed that rebellion.
  • Coastal Cattle Killing Movement in South Africa.

Transformation of the Global Economy

  • The growing need for imperial powers to extract raw materials and increase the food supply transformed the global economy.

Shift from Subsistence Farming to Cash Crop Farming

  • Subsistence farming: growing the food that you need to survive.
  • Cash crop farming: selling primarily crops for export (coffee, rubber, sugar, etc.).
  • Examples:
    • Uruguay and Argentina: cattle ranching to satisfy European and American desires for beef.
    • Peru and Chile: guano extraction (bird poop) used for fertilizer.

Colonial Economies Serving Imperial Powers

  • Colonial economies were transformed to serve the needs of urban centers in the imperial hubs, not the needs of the colonial peoples themselves.
  • Imperial powers organized economies around cash crops like cotton, rubber, and palm oil.

Economic Imperialism

  • Industrialized states and businesses practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.
  • Economic imperialism: one country wields significant economic power over another country.
  • Example: Britain and China.

Opium Wars in China

  • There was a significant trade deficit between China and Britain.
  • Britain began smuggling opium into China to fix the trade deficit.
  • Chinese leaders banned opium and destroyed opium shipments.
  • The British retaliated, leading to the Opium Wars.
  • The British won because of their superior industrial capacity.
  • The result of the Opium Wars was that the British forced China to open various trading ports to the British and forced a free trade agreement among them.
    • Britain took over China economically, but not necessarily politically.

Spheres of Influence in China

  • Industrialized nations rushed in to gain their own trading rights in China.
  • China was carved up into spheres of influence.
  • Each power (Japan, France, Germany, Russia, The United States) had exclusive trading rights with China within each sphere.

Migration

  • Various environmental and economic factors contributed to patterns of migration between 1750 and 1900.
  • As a result of industrialization and globalization, massive migrations occurred.

Reasons for Migration

  • For work.
    • New labor systems:
      • Indentured servitude: workers agree to work for a number of years in order to pay for their passage to a new place.
      • Asian contract laborers: Chinese and Indian workers worked for extremely low wages.
      • Penal colonies: convicts sent for hard labor (e.g., Australia).
  • Bad conditions at home.
    • Poverty in India led to mass migration out of India.
    • The British offered opportunities for indentured servitude for Indians in Mauritius.
    • Irish Potato Famine:
      • Started in 1845.
      • Millions of Irish immigrated to America where they worked in factories, helped build railroads, etc.

Settlement and Urbanization

  • Immigrants settled in large cities.
  • They created ethnic enclaves, reflecting their own character, language, and culture.

Discrimination

  • Immigrants faced discrimination.
  • Huge waves of immigrants led to racist legislation.
  • Examples: White Australia policy and Chinese Exclusion Act in The United States.

Unit 7: 1900 to the Present

  • Seven big ideas.

Change in States

Russia

  • Russia lagged behind in economic growth compared to the West.
  • Reluctance to expand civil liberties.
  • Internal problems led to external problems, like the loss of the Crimean War and the Russo-Japanese War.
  • The Bolsheviks seized power and established a communist government, creating the Soviet Union.

China

  • Ethnic tension within Qing China.
  • Constant danger of famine.
  • Diminished government revenue.
  • Encroaching Western industrialization.
  • The last Chinese dynasty was overthrown by Sun Yat-sen.

Mexican Revolution

  • Huge wealth gap, especially with regard to land.
  • Long-term cooperation with US Investors to the detriment of the landless poor.
  • Revolution led by Francisco Madero sought to correct internal and external problems.

Causes of World War One

  • Acronym: MAIN
    • M: Militarism - Buildup of military weaponry.
    • A: Alliance system - Defensive grouping of nations stacked against one another.
    • I: Imperialism - Fierce competition to lay claim to remaining lands.
    • N: Nationalism - Intense feelings of pride in one's own national identity, culture, language.
  • Spark: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

World War One

  • Total war: Each country leveraged all of its domestic assets to fight.
  • States used propaganda to persuade people to continue making sacrifices during the war.
  • Deadliest war in history up to this point (at the time).
  • New technologies:
    • Poison gas
    • Machine guns
    • Submarines
    • Tanks
  • Chief feature: Trench warfare.
    • Ensured long-lasting stalemates and incredible amounts of casualties.
  • End of the war: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1918.

Government Role in Economies After World War One

The United States

  • The Great Depression began in The United States.
  • President Herbert Hoover initially took a laissez-faire approach.
  • Franklin Roosevelt elected, promised government intervention with the New Deal.
  • Massive government spending meant to rescue The US from the depression.

Germany

  • Economically ruined after World War one, particularly because of hyperinflation.
  • Rise of fascism in Germany and the Nazi party.
  • Strong government intervention in the economy.
  • Ceased reparations payments.
  • Spent money on military buildup.

Soviet Union

  • Enacted a series of five-year plans: meant to transform the USSR into an industrial power rapidly.
  • Collectivized agriculture.
  • Led to widespread famine and death in rural areas, especially in Ukraine.

Causes of World War Two

  • Treaty of Versailles:
    • War guilt clause: blaming Germany for the entire war.
    • Reparations: forcing Germany to pay for the war, destroying the German economy.
  • Economic crisis: The Great Depression led to hyperinflation in Germany.
  • Rise of fascist regimes:
    • Nazi party focused on extreme nationalism.
    • Hitler began taking land surrounding Germany for Lebensraum.
    • Appeasement policy by Britain.
    • Hitler's invasion of Poland led to World War two.

World War Two

  • Another total war.
  • Totalitarian and democratic nations deployed all their nation's resources to fight and win.
  • Methods used:
    • Propaganda
    • Manufacturing sectors repurposed for military output
    • Colonial powers called up colonial men and women to fight
  • Repression of civil liberties.
    • In The United States, the Japanese internment.
  • New military tactics and technology:
    • Firebombing (Tokyo, Dresden)
    • Atomic bomb (Hiroshima, Nagasaki).

Extremist Groups and Genocide

Nazi Holocaust

  • The final solution: ridding the German population of Jews and other undesirables.
  • Forced removal of the Jewish population into concentration camps.
    • Stronger ones forced into labor camps.
    • Weaker ones shipped off to mass extermination camps.

Ethnic Violence in Ukraine (Holodomor)

  • Collectivization of agriculture.
  • Food confiscated to feed populations in industrial centers.
  • Farmers burned crops and killed livestock.
  • Massive famine: seven to ten million peasants died.
  • Stalin's response: continued sending crops to urban workers, not to the Ukrainian peasantry.

Unit 8

  • Time period: 1900 to the present.

The Cold War

  • Decades-long ideological struggle between The United States and The Soviet Union.
  • Shaped geopolitics of the second half of the twentieth century.
  • Two main themes:
    • Cold War
    • Decolonization
  • Cold War is where two powers are at war with one another, but they never actually fight each other.

Causes of the Cold War

  • Conflicting ideologies
    • United States = democratic capitalism.
    • Soviet Union = authoritarian communism.
    • Both ideologies want to expand.
  • Mutual mistrust between the two superpowers
    • Disagreements on the postwar world.
    • Stalin claims much of Eastern Europe and refuses to allow democratic elections.
  • Disagreements over Germany
    • Soviets want to keep Germany weak.
    • Western powers wanted German economic recovery.

Non-Aligned Movement

  • As decolonization created new states, The US and Soviet Union tried to influence them.
  • Some states resisted getting caught up in the Cold War rivalry.
  • Began in 1955 with Indonesian president Akhmatsu Karno.
    • Hosted a meeting of 29 African/Asian heads of state who represented all these new states that were formerly colonies.
    • Created a nice little block that was neither Soviet nor United States.

Major Effects of the Cold War

  • Arms race: Both superpowers spend a lot of money developing larger and more powerful stockpiles of weapons.
  • New military alliances:
    • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Alliance): Defensive alliance started by The United States, joined by several states in Western Europe.
    • Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union and their satellite states in Eastern and Central Europe.
  • Proxy wars:
    • The United States and The Soviet Union would look out for smaller conflicts and get involved in those so that they could fight without actually fighting each other.
  • Need to know an example of each of these.

Asia (Korean and Vietnam Wars)

  • New countries were split between communist and anti-communist forces.
  • The US backs the anti communist forces.
  • Soviet Union backs the communist forces.
  • Both wars end essentially in stalemates.

Latin America (Nicaragua)

  • In 1979, Sandinista revolutionaries overthrew the Nicaraguan dictator and got support from Cuba and from the Soviets.
  • The US invests heavily in another group (the Contras) in Nicaragua to oust the Sandinistas.

Africa (Angolan Civil War)

  • Civil war among Angolans.
  • The US and its allies supported noncommunist groups.
  • The Soviets and its allies supported communist groups.
  • Communist forces won and assumed power.

Communism

  • In this time period, some states adopted communism, most significantly China.

Causes of China's Communist Revolution

  • Grievances over China's dependence on Western Powers.
  • In 1911: revolution that established China as a republic.
  • After an on-and-off-again civil war, Mao Zedong's communist forces defeat the Nationalist Party.
  • China officially becomes a communist state.

Mao's Communist Policies

  • Collectivization of agriculture (similar to the Soviet Union).
  • State control of the economy.
  • Great Leap Forward: Economic plan to rapidly industrialize China through the development of heavy industry in rural areas.
  • Industrial goods created in the Great Leap Forward were of poor quality.
  • Bad harvests and these policies led to the starvation of something like 20 to 50,000,000 Chinese people.

Other Socialist Movements

  • Egypt:
    • In 1952, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser proclaimed independence and nationalized the Suez Canal.
    • British and French invade, aiming to take back the canal.
    • The Soviet Union backed Nasser.
    • US President Dwight Eisenhower put pressure on Britain and France, who then withdrew.
  • Vietnam:
    • After colonial independence, two rival governments were established.
    • Communist government established and began a program of land redistribution.

Decolonization

  • Occurred in one of two ways.

Negotiated Independence (India)

  • 1885: Indian National Congress formed, petitioned the British for a greater degree of self-rule.
  • After World War one, Mohandas Gandhi leads a resistance movement that was nonviolent and characterized by civil disobedience.
  • After World War two, Britain plans to partition India into two states: India for the Hindus, and Pakistan for the Muslims.
  • As they try to migrate, lots of violence occurs, and lots of people die.

Armed Resistance (Algeria)

  • Algeria was a French colony in Africa.
  • In 1954, Algerian Muslims form the National Liberation Front, and they violently rebel against the French, who fought to keep control.
  • French respond with brutality.
  • War continues until 1962, when French president Charles de Gaulle declares the end of the war, and Algeria is independent.

Redrawing Political Boundaries (Israel)

  • Before World War one, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire and had a majority Muslim population.
  • Ottomans were on the losing side of the war.
  • Palestine was then transferred to Britain under the mandate system.
  • Since the late nineteenth century, Zionism, a nationalistic ideology, grew among Jews seeking a state of their own.
  • During and after World War one, large waves of Jews migrated to Palestine.
  • The Arab Muslim population resisted this vision and migration.
  • The United Nations decided that Palestine would be partitioned into two states, one for Jews and one for Arab Muslims.
  • Jews accepted this plan. It was then partitioned as under the authority of the United Nations, and they declared independence in 1948.
  • Almost immediately, Palestinians took up arms against these Israelis, with support from neighboring Arab states, leading to an ongoing conflict.

Governments and Economic Life

  • New governments took a strong role in guiding economic life in order to promote their own growth and development.
  • Examples:
    • Nasser in Egypt nationalized the Suez canal.
    • Indira Gandhi in India adopted the green revolution.
    • Julius Nyerere's modernization policies in Tanzania.

Movements to Resist Oppressive Power Structures

  • Some characterized by non-violence, others by violence.

Nonviolent Resistance

  • Mohandas Gandhi:
    • Leads the charge, and makes his mark for his role in helping the India independence movement and Indian National Congress.
    • Nonviolent civil disobedient movements:
      • Homespun Movement: Protest of Britain's economic dominance of India's cotton industry, leading to the encouragement of making clothes at home and not relying on British imports.
      • Salt March: People walk a hundred miles to India's West Coast and start harvesting their own salt as responses to the imperial British salt tax.
  • Martin Luther King Junior:
    • Takes tactics of Gandhi to protest racial segregation laws in America to civil disobedience.
    • Montgomery Bus Boycott
    • Sit-ins
    • Civil Rights Movement: affected political change, as the Supreme Court outlawed racial discrimination, overturning laws, integrating schools in the nineteen fifties.
  • Nelson Mandela:
    • Leads fights against basic rights for the oppressed Africans who don't have them, through Apartheid.
    • Prominent leader of the African National Congress. Leads black South Africans in acts of nonviolent resistance that included strikes and boycotts, though later changes his mind on the tactics of nonviolence and endorses violent resistance.
      • Eventually sent to jail, then runs for president upon release in 1994, ultimately freeing South African apartheid.

Resistance Movement that Intensified Violence (Augusto Pinochet)

  • Military coup to overthrow the democratically elected president Salvador Allende because he happened to be a Marxist.
  • With significant help from The United States, Pinochet overthrows Allende and then sets himself up as a brutal dictator.
    • Military raids, executions, tortures done to his political enemies.

End of the Cold War

  • US Military development.
  • Soviet Union's failed invasion of Afghanistan.
  • Reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev.

US Military and Technological Development

  • 1980s: The US elected Ronald Reagan who led the US federal government into the start of the massive race into military and technological development.
  • The Soviets try to keep up with that spending, but they really couldn't on account of their laggy economy and, ultimately, are at a disadvantage.

Soviet Union's Failed Invasion of Afghanistan

  • 1979: Soviet troops invade Afghanistan in order to prop up the communist regime against the Afghan Muslim groups that had sought to overthrow it.
  • However, the Afghan rebels were supported and supplied by The United States and Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, giving them a boost.
  • Soviets lost the war and depressed their failing economy even more.

Mikhail Gorbachev's Policies

  • 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the Soviet Union, and introduces some significant reforms.
    • Perestroika: A restructuring of the Soviet economy to address all of the economic woes by reducing the level of central planning from the Soviet government.
    • Glasnost: "Openness" bolsters state freedom of speech. Criticism becomes something of new life.
    • In Eastern Europe, Gorbachev announced that the Soviet Union would no longer use military intervention in order to prop up communist governments.
  • The satellite states in the Soviet bloc were inspired when hearing his statements, and eventually went, just we're going independent. We don't wanna be Soviets anymore!

Unit 9

The Global Population

  • New transportation and communication technologies are responsible for increasingly shrinking the world, like the radio, cell phones, the Internet, air travel, etc..
  • Another technology that helps knit the world together is shipping containers, helping increases the freighting of global commerce.
  • New energy technologies:
    • Petroleum
    • Nuclear Power
    • Increased worker productivity and increasing the amount of goods that could me manufactured.
  • Medical innovations:
    • Birth control: Increased power and control over when women will have babies.
    • Vaccines: For polio, measles, etc. These vaccines were a very important milestone that was then applied to the global population.
  • Advances in Agriculture:
    • Green Revolution: Led into crossbreeding for scientists to create new strands, as well as making them for more abundant harvests in third world countries.

Threats with Diseases

  • New and old diseases continue to pose a threat in the age of globalization.
  • Diseases associated with poverty: Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera
    • Vaccines for many new diseases, but can't be distributed for different issues!
  • New diseases that lead to pandemics: Ebola, AIDS, Covid-19, Spanish Flu
    • These have huge social and economic consequences.
    • Demographic consequences.
  • New diseases cropping up that are mainly associated with old age.
    • Alzheimer's
    • Heart Disease

Environmental Problems

  • Globalization has created some significant environmental problems with various attempted solutions.
  • Deforestation: Forests are being cleared at an alarming rate to make room for more land.
  • Desertification: Fertile land is becoming desert due to too much and not enough water.
  • Air Pollution:
    • The Great Smog of 1952: Fog with coal at the emissions in what could be a toxic and deathly smog. Several days it'd last.
  • Increasing Consumption of Fresh Water:
    • Way more water is needed for farming in order to increase the global population.
  • Climate Change:
    • Carbon emissions released into atmosphere increase global temperature over time.
    • Attempts to address climate change:
      • The Kyoto Protocol in 1997
      • The Paris Agreement in 2015: To limit carbon emissions in order to stem the tide of climate change.

Globalization's Economy Since 1900

  • Changed significantly since 1900.
  • Proliferation of free and market economics:
    • Deregulation of businesses and tax cuts from Ronald Reagan in the United States, and Margaret Thatcher in England.
  • The rise of knowledge economies:
    • Wealthier countries begin to major in knowledge work.
    • They think up things. They have they engage in services rather than actually making the things.
  • Less developed countries are becoming the manufacturing hubs of the world, like Vietnam, Mexico, and even China.
  • The rise of multinational corporations:
    • They're incorporated in one state, but do business in many others.
  • The rise of various recognizable globalized brands, specifically:
    * Mcdonald's
    * Coca Cola
  • Regional and Global Trade Agreements:
    • The reduction in barriers to trade, tariffs, and with that becomes less friction which leads to a stronger opportunity to trade with states more freely.
      • NAFTA: The North American Free Trade agreement that made an alliance between not only states, but trading too.
      • Association of Southwest Asian Nations

Economic Inequality

  • Increasing Globalization has led to calls for reform in human rights and economic inequality since 1900, in a variety of reforms.
    • Reform to race:
      • Apartheid in South Africa
        • Human rights activists called for stern rebukes and it reached a global scale from there.
      • Racist Jim Crow Laws: Reforming these allowed the civil rights act of 1964 to be put into place, as we have the Supreme Courts cases that, integrated the schools, through Brown v Board of Education.
    • Reforms for class:
      • Reforms made to the reservation system, where a certain number of jobs would be reserved for the ones at the lowest cast members
    • Reforms for Human Rights:
      • World Conference on women in 1975 made a declaration of rights in women, particularly helping them right to vote.
    • Reforms in religion and culture:
      • The rise of Christian Liberation Theology in Latin America which taught what and remembered they received Christianity from their colonial Powers who Political. Colonized them way back in the day. So this is Latin Americans taking Christianity and shaping it into their own image, something that belongs to them.

Increase in the Impact of Globalization

  • The way it culture becomes increasingly globalized after 1900.
  • Music:
    * Reggae
    * K-Pop
  • Movies
    * Hollywood
    * Bollywood
  • Rise in Consumer Culture
    * Online Commerce
    * Consumerism around board lines

Resistance Movements

  • Though there is many benefits, there has been some significant resistance movement has began against its effects.
  • These movements are mainly protesting the globalized institutions that have spread over the world.
    * World Trade Organization at the Battle for Seattle in 1999 from The United States in what the people would refer to as The Battle for Seattle
    * International Monetary Fund that were erupting in Germany.
    They want to fix the issues in organizations like it and to make them so they help the even the poorest the and people who need to to the most!

Interactions around Nations

  • Globalization has changed the way nations and states interact across the world through specific organizations such as the UN (United Nations).
    * After WW2, meant to maintain peace in the world.
    * Security Council
    * The International court of justice.
    * Universal declaration of human rights, which the UN recognizes for not just some states, but all members on the globe around the United Nations.
    * Gender equality! The right to freedom!