ant final pt 2

Terms and Identifications - Be able to identify or define

Anthropology - Holistic and integrated study of human cultural and biological variation

Archaeology - Studies past human cultures through material remains. Focus on human remains, plants and animals used, tools, ceramics

○ Specialties

■ Zooarchaeology

■ Paleoethnobotany

■ Bioarchaeology

■ Paleoanthropology

Cultural or Sociocultural Anthropology - Studies human cultural behavior 

Human cultural systems. Variation in cultural expressions among human groups. Specialties within Sociocultural Anthropology. Medical; Applied; Political systems; Symbolic systems.

Physical or Biological Anthropology - Studies humans as biological species. Focus on human genetics, evolution, fossil record, biology of living populations, & primatology

Specialties: Primatology; Paleoanthropology; Forensics; Genetics; Nutrition.

Linguistic Anthropology - Studies language as a human characteristic & attempts to explain differences among existing languages. Looks at relationship of language & culture Specialties: Historical; Ethnosemantics; Discourse Analysis

Culture - ideas behaviors that are learned and shared; nongenetic & extrasomatic means of adaptation; set of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, goals, practice.

Ethnocentrism -  using your own society to interpret and judge other societies

ETIC- outside   EMIC- inside

Emic Perspective - the study of society through the eyes of the people being studied

Etic Perspective - the study of a society using concepts that were developed outside of that culture (outsider or observer)

Cultural Relativism -attempting to analyze & understand cultures other than one’s own without judging them in terms of one’s own culture

Shaman - A part-time religious specialist who receives his/her power directly from the spirit world and acquires status and the ability to do things through personal communication with the supernatural. 

Neo-shaman - Modern use of traditional aspects of shamanism, but usually with the goal of self- help and individual life improvement

Priest - Full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions

Healers -  focused on curing an illness

Herbalists -use plants and other materials as cures

Diviners -obtains information about things that are not normally knowable

Prophets - Someone who communicates the words and wills of the gods to his/her community, acting as an intermediary

Magic - Methods that use supernatural forces for particular outcomes • NOT illusions

Law of Sympathy - Law of Sympathy: magic depends on the agreement or association of things 1. Similarity: alike are same

2. Contagion: once in contact always connected

Law of Similarity - -Homeopathic magic: causal relationship b/w things that are appear similar • EX: Image Magic

Law of Contagion - Contagious Magic: once connected always connected • EX: Rabbit’s foot

Divination - Inspirational: direct contact • Noninspirational: reading through things • Fortuitous VS. Deliberate

Souls -noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual

Transmigration - Soul passes from one body to another

Ghosts - soul of an individual that remains in the vicinity of the community

Pantheon - Collective, collection of all gods

Supreme god - At the top of the hierarchy

Otiose god - Remote and uninterested in human world

Attribute god - Rules a specific domain

Creator god - The ones that are thought to bring about the creation of the world

Trickster god -Ambiguous/unpredictable. Ex: Loki

Avatar - Embodiment of a god in human form

Polytheism - Belief in multiple gods

Monotheism - Belief in one god

Omniscient - All Knowing 

Omnipotent - all powerful

Omnibenevolent - all good

Witchcraft - The ability of a person to cause harm by means of a personal power that resideswithin the body of a witch. Doing harm to people using their personal power.● Wills misfortune to occur● Sometimes unintentional

Heresy - Crimes against God● Laws in 12th century became severe● Witches burned on first conviction, 15th century

Inquisition - A unit of the Roman Catholic Church, judged hersey.● Powerful way to enforce sanctions

Syncretism - Fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new

Revitalization Movement -  Attempt to deliberately bring about change in a society

Wicca - Modern pagan religion, nature based and worshiping. Ex: Neo-paganism

Be able to identify examples of the following concepts:

Inspirational divination - direct contact. Example: A person meditates and asks a spiritual entity for guidance. They receive a clear message or feeling in response, directly from the entity.

Noninspirational divination - reading through things - Example: Someone reads tea leaves to predict the future. They interpret the shapes and patterns left by the tea leaves in the cup to make predictions

Fortuitous divination - happening by chance, without conscious effort - Example: A person finds a four-leaf clover while walking. They interpret it as a lucky sign, even though they weren't actively searching for it.

Deliberate divination - happening voluntarily, sets out to do it - Example: A person consults a horoscope to make decisions. They intentionally seek out the horoscope and read it to gain insight into their future or current situation.