French 101 Notes

Formal Usage/Speech
- Utilized when addressing authority figures such as:
- Bosses
- Elders
- Teachers
- Strangers
- Example of Formal Usage:
- What is your name?: Comment vous appelez-vous?
Informal Usage/Speech
- Utilized when addressing:
- Friends
- Family (use wisely)
- Pets
- Same-aged peers
- Examples of Informal Usage:
- What is your name?: Comment tu t'appelles? / Comment t'appelles-tu? / Tu t'appelles comment?
- My name is __.: Je m'appelle __.
- How are you doing?: Comment allez-vous? (Formal)
  - Responses to "How are you doing?" (Formal)
  - I am doing well.: Je vais bien.
  - I am doing very well.: Je vais très bien.
  - I am doing bad/not having a good day.: Je vais mal.
  - I am doing very bad/having a very bad day.: Je vais très mal.
- Informal Expressions:
  - How's it going?: Comment vas-tu? / Comment ça va?
  - Responses can include:
    - Ça va très bien. / Ça va bien. (Informal)
    - Ça va très mal. / Ça va mal. (Informal)
    - Comme ci, comme ça. (So-so)

Formal Greetings:
- Good day/morning/Hello: Bonjour
- Good evening: Bonsoir
- Have a good day!: Bonne journée!
- Have a good evening!: Bonne soirée!
- Enchanté: (Nice to meet you)
- Je vous en prie: (please/no need to say thank you)
- S’il vous plaît: (please)
- Au revoir: (Goodbye)
- Adieu: (Farewell)
Informal Greetings:
- Bonne nuit!: (Good night!)
- A demain!: (See you tomorrow!)
- A tout à l'heure!: (See you in a little while/a bit!)
- A bientôt!: (See you soon!)
- A plus tard!: (See you later!)
- A plus!: (Later!)
- Je t'en prie: (You’re welcome)
- Ici: (here)
- Là: (there)
- Là-bas: (over there)

Monsieur: Used for any male, regardless of age or marital status.
Madame: Used for any female who is or has been married, divorced, separated, or widowed, regardless of her age.
Mademoiselle: Used for any female who has never been married and is under the age of 40.

l'élève: the student (under 17)
la chaise: the chair
Definite Articles in French:
- le: masculine, singular
- la: feminine, singular
- l': masculine/feminine, singular (for words starting with a vowel or silent 'h')
- les: masculine/feminine, plural
Indefinite Articles:
- un: masculine, singular
- une: feminine, singular
- des: masculine/feminine, plural

From 1 to 20:
- 1: Un
- 2: Deux
- 3: Trois
- 4: Quatre
- 5: Cinq
- 6: Six
- 7: Sept
- 8: Huit
- 9: Neuf
- 10: Dix
- 11: Onze
- 12: Douze
- 13: Treize
- 14: Quatorze
- 15: Quinze
- 16: Seize
- 17: Dix-sept
- 18: Dix-huit
- 19: Dix-neuf
- 20: Vingt
From 21 to 30:
- 21: Vingt et un
- 22: Vingt-deux
- 23: Vingt-trois
- 24: Vingt-quatre
- 25: Vingt-cinq
- 26: Vingt-six
- 27: Vingt-sept
- 28: Vingt-huit
- 29: Vingt-neuf
- 30: Trente
Tens and Hundreds:
- 40: quarante
- 50: cinquante
- 60: soixante
- 70: soixante-dix
- 80: quatre-vingt
- 90: quatre-vingt-dix
- 100: cent
- 200: deux cents
- 300: trois cents
For Dates:
- Start with "C'est le…" followed by the day before the month.
- Example for the first of the month: "C'est le premier janvier."

French Accents:
- Accent cédille (ç): Under the letter 'C' to create an 's' sound.
- Accent aigu (é): Only used over the 'E', producing an 'ay' sound.
- Accent grave (à, è, ù): Used to change meaning;
- à = to/in/at
- a = has
- Accent circonflexe (â, ê, î, ô, û): Indicates historical changes in word form.
- Accent tréma (ä, ë, ï, ö): Used to indicate emphasis on one of two adjacent vowels.
French Pronouns:
- I: je / j'
- You (informal): tu
- He/It: il
- She/It: elle
- One: on
- We: nous
- You (formal/plural): vous
- They (masculine): ils
- They (feminine): elles

Present Tense Conjugation:
- je suis: I am
- tu es: you are (informal)
- il est: he/it is
- elle est: she/it is
- on est: one is
- nous sommes: we are
- vous êtes: you (plural/formal) are
- ils/elles sont: they are
Negation Rule with "ne/n'…pas":
- Structure: [Subject] + ne/n' + [Conjugated Verb] + pas
- Example in sentences:
- I am not: je ne suis pas
- She is not: elle n'est pas

Colors in French:
- Yellow: Jaune
- Orange: Orange
- Red: Rouge
- Pink: Rose
- Purple: Violet
- Blue: Bleu
- Green: Vert
- Black: Noir
- Brown: Brun
- Chestnut: Marron
- Gray: Gris
- White: Blanc
Common Questions:
- What?: quoi
- How much/many?: combien de/d'
- Who is it?: qui est-ce
- How?: comment

What time is it?: Quelle heure est-il?
To respond:
- Il est # heure(s). (It is # o'clock)
- Il est # heure(s) + # mins. (It is # o'clock + # mins)
- a quarter past: et quart
- half past: et demie
- less # minutes: moins # minutes (to the next hour)
- a quarter to: moins le quart (a quarter to the next hour)
- It is noon: Il est midi.
- It is midnight: Il est minuit.
Examples:
- Il est six heures.: (It is 6:00)
- It is 1:00: Il est une heure.
- Il est six heures une.: (It is 6:01)
- Il est trois heures de l'après-midi.: (It is 3:00 PM)
- Il est neuf heures et quart.: (It is a quarter past nine)
- Il est une heure dix de l'après-midi.: (It is 1:10 PM)
- Il est dix heures et demie du soir.: (It is half past 10 in the evening).