Final Test KCC Sci

Parasites: Organisms that live on or inside a host, deriving nutrients at the host’s expense. eg) Tapeworms live in the intestines of animals, absorbing nutrients from their food.

Producers/Autotrophs: Organisms that generate their own food, typically through photosynthesis. eg) Plants like sunflowers use sunlight to produce energy.

Chemotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy from chemical reactions rather than sunlight. eg) Deep-sea bacteria near hydrothermal vents oxidize sulfur compounds to generate energy.

Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms. eg) Humans eat plants and animals for energy.

Herbivores: Animals that eat only plants. eg) Deer feed on grass and leaves.

Carnivores: Animals that eat only meat. eg) Lions hunt and eat other animals.

Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and meat. eg) Bears consume berries, fish, and insects.

Scavengers: Animals that consume dead organisms without actively hunting them. eg) Vultures feed on carcasses left behind by predators.

Biotic: Living factors in an ecosystem.

Abiotic: Non-living factors in an ecosystem.

Ecosystem: A community of interacting organisms and their environment.

Community: Different populations living together in the same area.

Population: A group of individuals of the same species in a specific area.

Species: A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

Characteristics of Living Species: Living organisms exhibit cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, and adaptation, ensuring survival and evolution in their environment.

Terrestrial planets (rocky) form closer to the sun, while gas giants (made of hydrogen and helium) form farther away. eg) Earth is a terrestrial planet; Jupiter is a gas giant.

Size of Universe: 93 billion light-years

# of earthlike planets- 2 billion

Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotic organisms found in soil and water to the human body, some are beneficial, aiding digestion, while others can cause disease.

Archaea: resemble bacteria but thrive in extreme conditions, such as deep-sea vents and acidic springs, play a crucial role in methane production and nutrient cycling.

Eukarya: includes all organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus, such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, both single-celled and multicellular life forms, making it the most diverse of the three. Example: Humans are eukaryotes; bacteria belong to the Bacteria domain.

Eukaryote: Organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus. Example: Plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Prokaryote: Organisms with simple cells lacking a nucleus. Example: Bacteria and archaea.

Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms found in diverse environments. Example: E. coli, which lives in the human gut.

Archaea: Microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions. Example: Heat-loving archaea in volcanic vents.

Protists: Single-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotes. Example: Amoebas and algae.

Big Bang Theory: The scientific explanation of how the universe expanded from a singularity about 13.8 billion years ago. Example: The cosmic microwave background radiation is leftover heat from the Big Bang.

Support for the Big Bang Theory: Evidence includes cosmic microwave background radiation, galaxy redshift, and element formation. Example: The expanding universe observed through telescope measurements.

Continental Drift- what is it and proof of it?: The gradual movement of continents due to tectonic plate shifts. Example: Fossil evidence from South America and Africa shows they were once connected.

Darwin’s Theory: natural selection, where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over generations, these advantageous traits become more common in a population, leading to gradual evolutionary changes.

Lamarck’s theory: proposed that organisms could develop new traits during their lifetime through use and disuse, then pass those traits to their offspring.

Homologous Structures: body parts that share a common ancestral origin but may serve different functions. An example is the forelimbs of mammals—humans, bats, and whales

Analogous Structures: features that serve similar functions but evolved independently in different species. For instance, the wings of birds and insects both enable flight but have different structural origins.

Vestigial Structures: body parts that have lost their original function through evolution. Examples include the human appendix and the remnants of hind limb bones in whales

Comparative embryology, biochemistry and cytology: provides evidence for evolution by showing similarities between different species at molecular and cellular levels. Comparative Embryology shows that vertebrate embryos share common developmental traits, such as gill slits and tails, indicating shared ancestry. Comparative Biochemistry reveals genetic similarities between species, such as humans and chimpanzees sharing about 98% of their DNA. Comparative Cytology demonstrates that all eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, reinforcing the idea of common evolutionary origins.

Hunger- definition and hormones: The biological need for food, regulated by hormones like ghrelin. Example: After fasting, ghrelin levels rise, signaling hunger.

Satiety- definition and hormones Which foods typically give more satiety for longer periods of time?: The feeling of fullness, regulated by hormones like leptin. Example: Eating fiber-rich foods increases satiety for longer periods.

USDA rec. for daily amount of exercise: At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.

Nutrient Processing- what is it and what would be a dysfunction of each of the following: The body's method of handling nutrients through ingestion, digestion, absorption, utilization, and excretion. Example: Problems with nutrient absorption can lead to malnutrition.

Ingestion: The process of taking in food or nutrients through the mouth.

Absorption: The transfer of nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or cells.

Digestion: The breakdown of food into simpler molecules for absorption.

Utilization: The body's process of using absorbed nutrients for energy, growth, and repair.

Excretion: The removal of waste products from the body.

Feedback Mechanisms (positive and negative) with examples: Biological processes that regulate homeostasis:

Positive Feedback amplifies a response until completion. Example: Blood clotting increases platelet accumulation until the wound is sealed.

Negative Feedback maintains stability by counteracting changes. Example: The body regulates temperature by sweating when overheated.

Primary source of energy for the body: Carbohydrates are the body's preferred fuel.

Primary source of stored energy for the body: Fats store energy for long-term use.

Pernicious Anemia: A condition caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. Symptoms include fatigue and neurological problems.

Difference between whole grains and refined grains? Whole grains contain all three parts of the grain—bran, germ, and endosperm—making them rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Refined grains have the bran and germ removed, leaving only the starchy endosperm, which reduces their nutritional value. Whole grains support heart health, digestion, and blood sugar regulation, while refined grains can lead to blood sugar spikes and lower fiber intake. Examples of whole grains include brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread, while refined grains include white rice, white bread, and pastries

Invasive BCIs – Implanted directly into the brain, offering high precision but posing surgical risks. (Most dangerous)

Partially Invasive BCIs – Placed on the brain’s surface, reducing risks but still requiring surgery.

Non-Invasive BCIs – Use external sensors (like EEG) to read brain activity, making them the safest option

Types of materials used in #D printing: Plastics, metals, and composites like carbon fiber, glass-filled polymers for strength and lightweight properties

Frontal Lobe: Located at the front of the brain, responsible for decision-making, reasoning, emotions, and voluntary movement.

Parietal Lobe: Located behind the frontal lobe, processes sensory information like touch, temperature, and spatial awareness.

Occipital Lobe: At the back of the brain, primarily responsible for vision processing.

Temporal Lobe: Located on the sides of the brain, involved in hearing, language comprehension, and memory storage.

Primary motor cortex: Situated in the frontal lobe, controls voluntary muscle movements.

Primary somatosensory cortex: Located in the parietal lobe, processes sensory input such as touch and pain.

Primary gustatory cortex: Found in the insula and frontal lobe, responsible for interpreting taste sensations.

Pons: Located in the brainstem, relays signals between the brain and body, regulates sleep, breathing, and facial expressions.

Broca’s Area: Found in the left frontal lobe, crucial for speech production.

Wernicke’s Area: Located in the left temporal lobe, responsible for understanding spoken and written language.

Midbrain: Part of the brainstem, involved in motor control, vision, hearing, and alertness.

Medulla Oblongata: Located in the lower brainstem, regulates vital functions like heart rate, breathing, and digestion.

Cerebellum: Positioned at the back of the brain, helps with coordination, balance, and motor learning.

Pituitary Hormones and functions: The pituitary gland secretes essential hormones, including:

Growth hormone (GH) – Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – Regulates the adrenal glands and stress response.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – Controls thyroid function and metabolism.

Oxytocin – Influences social bonding and childbirth contractions.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Regulates water balance and kidney function.

What controls the pituitary gland?: The hypothalamus, located above the pituitary gland, regulates its function by releasing signaling hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production.

In the severed corpus callosum video it was revealed that the left side of the brain is for language and the right side recognizes faces.

What controls reflexes?: Reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord and reflex arcs, which allow the body to react quickly to stimuli without direct involvement from the brain.

Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cell types.

Totipotent: Can develop into any cell type, including an entire organism. Example: Zygotes (fertilized eggs) are totipotent, forming a complete human.

Pluripotent: Can differentiate into most cell types but not an entire organism. Example: Embryonic stem cells can turn into neurons, muscle cells, or blood cells.

Multipotent: Can differentiate into a limited range of related cell types. Example: Bone marrow stem cells produce blood cells but not skin or nerve cells.

Induced pluripotent: Adult cells reprogrammed to behave like pluripotent stem cells. Example: Skin cells can be transformed into nerve cells for medical treatments.

Stem cell harvesting techniques:

Embryonic Stem Cell Harvesting – Obtained from early-stage embryos, offering pluripotent cells but raising ethical concerns.

Adult Stem Cell Harvesting – Taken from bone marrow, fat, or blood, offering multipotent cells for therapies.

Cord Blood Stem Cell Harvesting – Collected from umbilical cord blood after birth, rich in hematopoietic stem cells.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) Technique – Reprogramming adult cells to regain pluripotent properties, avoiding ethical concerns with embryonic cells.

Chernobyl: Date: April 26, 1986, Location: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Pripyat, Ukraine, Cause: A flawed reactor design and operator errors during a safety test led to an uncontrolled reaction, causing explosions and releasing massive amounts of radiation

Fukushima: Date: March 11, 2011, Location: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, Ōkuma, Fukushima, Japan, Cause: A 9.0-magnitude earthquake triggered a 15-meter tsunami, which disabled the plant’s cooling systems, leading to reactor meltdowns and radiation leaks

3 Mile Island: Date: March 28, 1979, Location: Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station, Pennsylvania, USA, Cause: A combination of mechanical failures and human errors led to a partial meltdown of Reactor Unit 2, releasing radioactive gases into the environment

How do we maintain homeostasis in types of conditions or examples? The body regulates internal conditions through mechanisms like temperature control (sweating/shivering), blood sugar regulation (insulin/glucagon), and fluid balance (kidney function).

What happens without homeostasis? Disruptions can lead to conditions like hypothermia, dehydration, diabetes, or organ failure

Accretion: The gradual accumulation of matter, often seen in planetary formation. Example: Planets form as dust and gas clump together under gravity

Individual adaptation in humans: Humans adapt biologically and culturally to environmental changes. Example: High-altitude populations develop increased lung capacity to cope with lower oxygen levels

Job of decomposers: Organisms that break down dead matter, recycling nutrients. Example: Fungi and bacteria decompose organic material, enriching soil

Negative impact of Love Canal: A toxic waste disaster in Niagara Falls, NY, causing severe health issues. Example: Residents suffered from cancer, birth defects, and neurological disorders due to chemical exposure

Formation of oxides and dioxides: Chemical reactions producing compounds like carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Example: Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂, contributing to climate change

How are plant cells different from animal cells: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, allowing them to perform photosynthesis and maintain structural rigidity, while animal cells lack these features and rely on consuming food for energy. Additionally, plant cells have a fixed shape, whereas animal cells are more flexible and adaptable due to their lack of a rigid cell wall.

Fossils are found in- Sedimentary rocks like shale, limestone, and sandstone

What are proteins used for?: Essential for tissue repair, enzyme activity, immune defense, and muscle function

Proprioception: The body's ability to sense its position and movement.

Problem with invasive species: Non-native species disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native organisms

Benefit of pluripotent stem cells: These stem cells can become any cell type, aiding regenerative medicine. Example: Used in therapies for spinal cord injuries and organ repair