Untitled Flashcard Set
new years resolutions-the chances you're going to do it are very poor
-what drives the social factor?
The competence hierarchy, if you're up high, it changes all your neurotransmitters —higher serotonin, dopamine
-Sociocultural usually combats against the biological
direction/goal
strength of motives
ex.
Having to pee, if it’s not urgent, you don’t go
eating a cockroach, it depends on the situation, if you were starving, you’d eat it
Motives Reflect
biological needs-ex. air, water, food
canibalism- more likely to turn to it because we’re softer as a society
psychosocial needs-play, sex, love, companionship, friendship, community
Animals that don't have play growing up are the most violent and can not socialize
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs______
framework to understand working toward the betterment of oneself comes from concepts of indigenous people
-hunger/thirst—you will be non-functional without it, depending on how bad you need it, you would do anything, even kill a family member
most homicide from friends and family—getting drunk with friends and family
-safety—if we cared enough as a society, we would fix the homelessness issue
where we spend money tells what we value
-love or belonging—love is a chemical reaction—distinction between familial and intimate partner love
-esteem(respect from peers)-important for being up the hierarchy,
-self-actualization: being able to define themselves, and are comfortable in their own skin
Hypothalamic Regulation of Eating
food and sex are important
Hypothalamus receives information regarding nutrient levels in the body
lateral region- when stimulated the rat will eat until it dies unless there’s legions
-food linked to sociocultural factors-what you eat when you’re a kid, is what that child will eat, food doesn't change bc its primal, needed to have a liken to food in that area and adapt
ventromedial region-part of the brain that tells that you’re full, stimulation in rats inhibits eating, and the rat will starve to death without the understanding that humans have
Humans eat even when they're not hungry
the smell of pizza in a lab makes people eat more broccoli —sensory specific satiety to one type of food: too full to eat pizza but would eat icecream
were stimulus response animals—if you’re flashed a picture of a burger on the TV, you’ll get hungry
restrained eaters
unrestrained eaters
on group told to go on diet, other group didnt have to, they were both asked to taste cookies. to know how much they ate, to those who werent restrained, they ate the same amount of cookies whether on a diet or not, the restrained eaters ate the least cookies
restrained eaters that had to go on a diet ate almost everything
if you tell a dieter they have to eat a strict diet tomorrow, theyll eat alot the day of—the what the hell effect-social pressure to break diet, they eat as much as they wont, then continue the diet the next day—making binge-purge pattern in individuals with eating disorders
Sexual Motivation
hormones: important impact, androgens-hormones for males
organizational effects—all fetuses are female at conception and remain female until given testosterone and androgens in utero,
If not, they’ll be born with complete female anatomy, but won't know they have testicles, they don't have female hormones in them
too much testosterone? hypermasculine features
too much androgens? Females are more likely to become homosexual
Exposure to hormones in utero determines genitals and sexual orientation
It’s hardest to make males because you have to have the hormones
Activational Effects: effects of hormones after you’re born, changes in voice, muscle fat distribution, hair, breast development
pheromones—give information regarding genetic makeup, physical attraction
spark with individual whose not attractive, no spark with individual who is—pheromones tell the individuals who has the optimal genetics for that individual to have sex with
influences mate selection
Environmental Cues: the empathy cue-not sexual, sexual cues-reading/watching corn
Evolutionary Analysis of Human Sexual Behaviour
-69-children a mother has given birth to
-880-children fathered by male
Gangus Khan- raped 10 women a day
Rape and Pillage in war
Parental Investment: Which gender puts in the greatest investment
Females at minimum put resources into child for 26 weeks, males only need to invest 10 seconds(to ejaculate)
Harems, prostitutions
if Kings wanted to have sex with somone they would for fear of punishment
step parents abuse children 100 fold more than biological parents—were driven by our biology, people with psychopathy have less of an inclination to hurt their own children
Pattern of Sexual Activity—putting resources into children
for males its the most viable option, spreading far and wide their seed as much as possible—males are biologically programmed for wanting more sexual partners , men have an average of 18 partners they want to be with, for women it’s 5
Differences in mate preferences
men show more interest in sex, and seek more sexual variation, more willing to engage in non commitals
the difference between having a son that got someone pregnant verses a daughter who is pregnant, more favor towards the son
alcohol- driver of violence—sexual assault, homocide
David Bus study 37 cultures , 6 continents
Standards in men and women
women-high ambition, industriousness, money
men-young, attractive
Men are more likely to engage in non commited sex,
0% vs 100%-in men and women
jealousy —
Sexual Orientation
twin studies document biological basis for homosoxuality
if you have two identical twins—exposure to hormones in utero, with all twins one will be dominant—the one that is dominant will be taller and morn first has nothing to do with intelligence or strength, twins are in a battle with eachother to get as many hormones as possible, one male is straight gets hormones, the one that is not exposed rto enough hormones is homosexual
Male and female sexuality is different-men sexuality, more hard-wired from birth —more stimiulus responce orientated, female homosexuals process hormones differently—not as hard wired, things that occur during development—presence of parent, abuse
Affiliation Motives
the need to associate with others to maintain bonds
schitzoid—dont want to be around anybody ever
avoident—dont want to be around anybody because it makes them nervous, take a away the nerves they be happy to
communal hunting, child rearing,
rejection—leads to depression, anger, jealousy
Achievement Motives
need for achievement—being oriented to only get money can be a hindrance,
people with high need for achievement fear failure —prove to others how good you are to go up the ladder
you want a moderetly high fear of failure
Emotion
emotion is positive/negative[rage is a positve] not positive and negative int he way we think
physiological arousal-
subjective experience -you know what its like to feel things, is it what your feeling? emotional misattribution?
behavioural expression- everyone has the same facial features that are widely recognized
disception used evolutionarily
Taxonomy of Emotions
even though dopamine feuls rage and joy their very different in bahevioural
first tear—you are not involved, innate
second tear-concious , the way you react to stimuli and environment, reflex, what you programmed
amygdala activated during threat, airs on the side of caution
you react the same from a c on a test as well as a snake—thrrat detection imagines horrible scenerios that never occur, out imagination that kills us—lowering immune responce
James lang and cannon bard theory are wrong
bodily responce before subjective interpretartion—running before youve processed that youve seen a bear
cannon bard-requires cognitive component
correct
schachter-singer theory of emotion —someone drives by you, anger if theres nothing to do about it makes you sick , the problem is the emotion was fear but you decide your angry because its easier to hold onto
people fall in love because they misattribute their emotion
—people meeting / falling in love during natural disasters—fight or flight attributed to another person, brain scans the environment and attributes it to something more salient
emotion is incorrect reaction to things in environement, unreliable
Happiness as an emotion
-more likely to be humble in collective cultures
-democracy and happinesss
gender
age - no happiest age
wealth - 50k to a million you wont be happier because it fixes all the problems you know about but adds more problems
What makes you Happy?
love and a partner—somebody to share your life with ex. friends,
Job Satisfaction—waking up and doing something you love doing
Personality—extroversion is the happiest, optimism,
WEIRD- science can be inobjective in the eyes of different human
Sex: gender determiner
Gender: sociocultural created by belief systems
Chromosomes: the building blocks of what will occur for gender/sex designation
we are born with the innate dislike for things that are different, we dont understand or find confusing—bc it requires more energy/thought
We prefer those that look/sound like us
23 chromosomes one set from each parent
identical-same genetics
fraternal-different genetics
23rd pair differs across the sexes
Klinfelter syndrome
Swyer Syndrome
You can be over or under androgenized
There are clear biological differences in males and females
with most variations, procreation isnt possible, puberty in males/females —females begin/end at an earlier age and males later
the age of onset of first menstration is going lower and lower
now 8/9 in the past considered precoursal
Could be a result of genetically modified food and livestock
the dumping of chemicals results in hermaphoditic fish
overexposure to sexualized images—may bring about earlier puberty
the richer a country is the more food, the better change of procreating in children, puberty earlier—more babies
privation-starvation=the age of onset goes up
the higher the BMI the earlier we see puberty across cultures
girls with early age of onset have more social struggles
Gonads: larger gonads-female, smaller gonads-male, swyer syndrome—problem in gonads, the gonads not properly developed, the endocrine system produces the hormones
gonads create testosterone, for females its created in the adrenal glands
differences in hormones created and the exposure of those hormones
estrogen/progestron-higher in females
testosterone-higher in males , relationship between testosterone and agression
testosterone drives agression and sexual arrousal
swyer syndrome: 46XY is complete insensitivity to testosterone, if you are xx has low impact, if xy, lack of Sri-ovaries instead of testes —born female
aminaria—no menstual cycle as a result
xy-male can give birth to child if they have swyer syndrome
gender: social and psychological aspects of being male or female —-identity important for development of sense of self, if not accepted, you dont have identity
our identity stabalizes our ability to handle difficult things
mutually respectful creation of identity—how societies evolve
gender expression: the objective evidence has been rejected—Ken Zuckerberg at the centre for addiction and mental health, did research at gender disorder clinic that said the best thing to do with individuals with gender dysphoria is wait until their 18 at which point 80% would adopt a homosexual identity and go on to live as their gender
exploitation—pregnancies/rapes of females in prisons
sports
androgyney: the idea of having a mix of sociolly culturallt created roles
-you can be low or high on different dimensions—not being trapped in different ideas of masculine and feminine
what does it mean to have a feminine personality? super high in agreeableness, not liking conflict/fighting , high in empathy, higher in neuroticism-higher levels of anxiety,
the levels of anxiety between boys and girls remain the same until puberty—girls increase, evolutionarily adaptive-danger of being raped, on guard for children—-has led to epidemics in eating disorders and channelling anxiety into gender dysphoria
is gender affirming surgery neccesary or elective?
study: dress baby in blue —people assume the child is a boy, same baby dressed in pink -we assume its a girl because of social ideas. why is this the case?
transgender-can be genetically/anatomically male /female idenify as the other
apotendenphelia-identify with being an amputee
what’s problematic about the statistics—increase in girls being trans
increase in people coming out who could not before, people diagnosis with gender dysphoria who do not have it
Gender affirming surgery: removal of breasts
our differences have morphed into what’s more likely to make us survive—attractiveness proxy for health
competition among sex
ovulation—women become more attracted to individuals with more muscles
which tribe survived the best?
Gender and Gender Development—if you give a truck to a male, and the female will have no interest in it-not just sociocultural
biases towards boys who play with “girls” toys
moral difference between men and women who sleep with alot of people
in cultures where women don’t cover their breasts, they’re not stimulating
Do the genders differ in terms of emotion, empathy, and helpfulness
-empathy and helping : experiencing somebody else’s pain and discomfort
-cognitive differences: general mackeup for vast majority of evolutionary history—fearlessness-hunting/war parties
females have an advantage at verbal performance
if your hunting you need to be able to remember paths(male advantage), not absolute, for certain things and certain concepts
if you forage for food and cook, communication is important (female advantage)
gender stereotypes: women are more likely to cry, more emotional
the most empathetic humans will always be women, the least emathetic will be men, but there is overlap
Differences in agression
overt agression—males—verbal /physical
relational agression—females—backstabbing, rumours, isolation —made for the internet, harms social standing
less serotonin-more likely to be annoyed/loose temper, recipe for violence
sexual orientation:
two spirit—those who dont fit into binary of male and female
phophapheneai-gay uncle no kids, contributes to neices and nephews—adaptive, as a result higher reproductive success in family
not a single cause for sexual orientation—male homosexually can be highly feminine or highly masculine nothing to do with expression
what influences sexual orientation?
orientation influenced by gentics
gentic predisposition towards it or not, prenatal hormones —the two most important factors
brains structures —downstream a result to genentic information and exposure to hormones in utero
childhood sexual abuse—results in hypersexuality or the other way around, anxiety depression
orientation is set there is no ability to change it, coversion therapy has 100% relapse rate
what constitutes sexual behaviour?
infidelity, loss of virginity, rape, rubbing together in furry costumes, many and most of these rituals are religious
Masters and Johnson talking about the stages of…have greater variation
Kaplan-too much or not enough sexual
paraphylia —fetish —the most soiled underwear
began as rationalizations for clinical treatments
continuous battle of the unconciou trying to get what it want or needs
human beings are mostly unconcious—were not in control, mostly illusion
preconcioius is ev erything were not thinking about that we could
the concious pale in comparison to the unconcious(things we want that we dont say)
biological programming—wanting as many children as possible
topographic model—whats in our unconcious we dont have free access to
drug addiction—linked to pleasure receptors
freud based alot on our biological nature
old belief systems—humans having dominion over all
ice burg analogy
conciousness above water
id — based off pleasure principle doesnt care about others-infants(until around 2 years old) , below water , control the ego -”you should sleep with secretary”
ego — after 2 years old, reality principle, combination of innate, familial, biological, sociocultural factors, the beginning of the development of self, idea that you are seperate from the world “fair enough”
superego — we dont see this until our cognition develops “if i were you i’d think again”
Freud’s Developmental Model
human behaviour is motivated by two drives
-agressive
-sexual
labido refers to pleasure-seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse
libido follows a developmental course during childhood
stages of development
fixed progression of change from stage to stage
notion of fixation at a particular libidinal stage
libidmal energy—chi,ki, prone,
if your not over or understimulated in libido early in development, you have a stable labido in adulthood
trying to get or fulfill what was or undone in development
Oral -0-18 mos dependency —breast feeding, too little can create oral retentive fixation in adulthood-consently putting things in mouth, over eating, smoking biting nails
overgratification in oral stage (using pacifiers—the baby is soothed because it believes its eating) in adulthood, risk of eating disorder— not wanting to put food in mouth
Anal-2-3 yrs
personality disorder needing everything to be organized, make sure food is on mat, towels in order—you were toilet trained to young and harshly
circular reasoning—implimented by Freud, you can’t say bc you were toilet trained to harshly
Phallic-4-6 yrs
phallic means penis, loving your mom so much you want to marry her —dad is in the way of your dreams, you’re thinking of killing them
castration anxiety that you cant follow through with killing dad, then growing older and identifying with father and supressing love for mom —problem solved, if not solved—Ed Gein.
girls loving their dad, wanting to kill mom, no castration anxiety—>penis envy. time when laws distinguished between genders
single parent household?
latency-7-11yrs subliminal sexual and agressive urges
genital 12+ mature sexuality and relationships
Ego defense mechanisms
unconcious mental processes that protect the person from anxiety
repression: you have no concious aware of things repressed, anxiety evoking thought repressed
child commits suicide-hanging by light fixture, mom finds him, asked the mother who found the son? the mother doesnt know
emotional processing—reliving the process
denial: person refuses to recognize reality
smoking a cigarette—you can’t enjoy cigarette if you engage in the statistics
projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others
people cant talk in first person when talking about trauma what happened “first your driving”
by nature of hiding unacceptable traits in ourselves we project them in others
ego defense mechanism
reaction formation—having an unacceptable impulse and changing it into the opposite
ex. little boy in grade 1, boy and girls play in sex specific groups, in his period boy and girls are seperate so he’s not free to accept his crush on her, as a result he turns his crush on her into teasing her
homophobic group and accepting group both groups hooked to penile potismograph phalometric tester(shown pornography, asseing responce) the homophobia group responds significantly to heterosexual AND homosexual pornography—disdain towards homosexuals because of their own inclinations
sublimation—person converts an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity
ex. instead of punching your boss you hit a bag, your depressed instead of crying, you write songs—taking negative thing and channelign into something positive
rationalization—we know something wrong, do it anyway, create a reason why it’s okay to have done that
prevents us from experiencing anxiety
ex. you litter and you say dont worry the birds will pick it up and make a nest with it
displacement— diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a sustitute target
ex. you want yo yell at boss, you cant so you yell at wife
-displacing into weaker and safer outlet
most domestic arguments ahve nothing to do with whats being faught about
Projective Tests
assume persons presented with vague stimulus will project their own impulses and desires into a description of the stimulus
ex. given a picture and telling a story from it
a way to circumvent your ego defense mechanisms
-thematic apperception test
Other Psychoanalytic theorists
Jung’s Analytical Psychology -shadow, collective unconcious, working with those with skitzophrenia
Adler’s Incdividial Psychology-birth order theory -youngest child spoiled, oldest responsible— not consistant over time
Anna Freud-clinicial, feminist lens of freuds theories
Erik Erikson-
Harry Sullivan-brought psychoanalysis to north america
Freud’s Contributions—fed away from sociocultural factors
BF Skinner’s radical behaviorism—we have a limited set number of triats
black box-you only need to know what happened before and after doesnt include thoughts, emotions, personality
Bandura- bring behavioursists into reasonable stance, talks about vicuriou learning—learning through observation, aquisition, acceptance/performance,
Reciprical Determinsim
person-epigenetics to create personality behavioural traits, nature and nurture, how behaviour effectrs environment and vice versa
ex. you an introvertt
behaviour-
ex. you slouch
environment
ex. people think your a loser
Albert Ellis
-all humans have fundemental goals —have goals, needs met,
-people are irrational when tarving, drug addicted, angry
Cognitive Social-Personality Theory
Contributions
Limitations-provides emphaes on the role of thought/memory
-no treatment for low iq
humanistic approach —humanists emphasize potential for growth
Roger;s Person-Centered Approach
rogers believed humans are good for nature
the core aspect of who we are when no one is around
were never our true selves when no one is around
true self- core aspect of being
self actualized individuals—are their true selves their serotonin and dopamine high
false self-self created by distortions-who we are when other people are around constantly monitoring environment-first thing to go when you get drunk
ex. wearing a suit and tie—people pay more attention when wearing symbold of authority, in your best interest but not always
ideal self-what the person would like to be
evolution of humanistic personality theory
contributions
-focus on how humans determine the meaning of life
limitations
-the approach has generated a body of testable hypothesis and research
freedom og ingotmation act
Trait Approach
why do we use trait approach? theories in clinical psych
what:traits are stable over time to a degree—you alter behaviour given situation unless you cant
personality disorder is the inability to change your behaviour given time and place
the difference ebetween someone at a funeral vs a party
big 5 factors
openess to experience-wheather you liek new things or wnant the same
the further extreme in a trait, the more longer to see extreme behaviours
super high in openers-
conciousness-how responcible you are
extroversion
agreeablenes-people who want dont like conflict
neuroticisms-how anxious you are