Hypertension+Student+Slides_2025

Hypertension and Hypertensive Crisis

Overview

• Instructor: Dr. Sha-Phawn Williams, PharmD, BCACP
• Institution: Howard University
• Course: Integrated Therapeutics (IT) 2
• Term: Fall 2025

Page 1

• Date: 1867
• Location: N/A

Page 2: Today’s Schedule

• 1:30 – 2:20 pm: Hypertension
• 2:20 – 2:30 pm: Break
• 2:30 – 3:20 pm: Hypertension Treatment
• 3:20 – 3:30 pm: Break
• 3:30 – 3:50 pm: Hypertension Questions

Tomorrow’s Schedule

• 1:30 – 2:20 pm: Hypertension Alternative Treatment
• 2:20 – 2:30 pm: Break
• 2:30 – 3:20 pm: Hypertension Crisis
• 3:20 – 3:30 pm: Break
• 3:30 – 3:50 pm: Hypertension Cases

Page 3: Learning Objectives

• Review the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of hypertension (Learning Outcomes 1.1.1, 1.1.4, 2.4.1, 2.4.3, 3.5.1, 3.5.5).
• Describe clinical signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and complications of hypertension (Learning Outcomes 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.7, 2.1.8).
• Recognize normal clinical values and evaluate results regarding their usefulness in monitoring hypertension progression (Learning Outcomes 2.1.1, 2.1.8).
• Apply pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pathophysiology to select appropriate medication therapy for managing hypertension and hypertensive crisis, applying it to a specific patient case (Learning Outcomes 3.1.1, 3.1.2).

Page 4: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology - Hypertension

• Instructor: Dr. Sha-Phawn Williams, PharmD, BCACP
• Institution: Howard University
• Term: Fall 2025

Page 5: Epidemiology

1. Prevalence:
   • Hypertension is the most prevalent modifiable cardiovascular risk factor and the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
   • Statistics: 3 in 4 adults (estimated 92.9 million) have high blood pressure greater than 130/80 mmHg.
   • US Adult Rates: 47% of American adults aged 20 years and older have hypertension.
   • Prevalence by Race/Ethnic Group:
     • Non-Hispanic Whites: Men 49%, Women 43%.
     • Hispanics: Men 50%, Women 36%.
     • Non-Hispanic Asians: Men 50%, Women 38%.
     • Non-Hispanic Blacks: Men 58%, Women 58% (highest prevalence).
   • Health Disparity: Non-Hispanic Black individuals are twice as likely to have a hypertension-related death compared to non-Hispanic Whites.
   • Financial Impact: Estimated financial burden of hypertension in the US was $219 Billion in 2019.

Page 6: Etiology

1. Primary (Essential) Hypertension:
   • Accounts for approximately 90% of hypertension cases.
   • Causes: Multiple