Biochemistry
Macromolecule | Elements | Monomers (Subunits) | Polymers (Complex Forms) | Bond Type | Primary Functions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates | C, H, O | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides | Glycosidic Linkages | Short-term energy storage, structural support |
Lipids | C, H, O | None | None | Ester Linkages | Long-term energy storage, cell membrane structure, insulation |
Nucleic Acids | C, H, O, N, P | Nucleotides | Polynucleotides | Phosphodiester Linkages | Storage and transmission of genetic information |
Proteins | C, H, O, N | Amino acids | Polypeptides | Peptide bods | Enzyme catalysis, structural support, transport, defense |
Monomer examples: Glucose, lactose. Polymer examples: Glycogen, Starch.
Saturated fats: Single bond, solid at room temperature.
Unsaturated fats: Double bond, liquid at room temperature.
3 Parts of a Nucleotide: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base.
Nucleic Acids examples: DNA, RNA
There are 4 structures in a protein. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quarternary.
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering their activation energy. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as temperature increases until it reaches its optimal temperature. Once it surpasses that temperature, the enzyme will denature/lose its structure. Reaction rates are slower at lower temperatures because they have less kinetic energy. A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzymes active site, which changes the enzymes shape/structure.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons and 4 bonding sites and can bond easily with other carbon atoms. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds. Carbon is in all four major macromolecules.
Dehydration synthesis builds large molecules by removing water while Hydrolysis breaks large molecules by adding water. Dehydration synthesis joins monomers together to create polymers, removes a water molecule as a byproduct when a new chemical bond forms. eg; linking amino acids to form a protein. Hydrolysis splits polymers into monomers, adds a water molecule to break the chemical bond holding the units together. eg; digesting food. Dehydration synthesis requires energy, Hydrolysis releases energy. Dehydration synthesis is anabolic Hydrolysis is catabolic.
Carbohydrates have a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1. Monosacchrides are also called simple sugars, they cannot be broken down any smaller and they form complex carbohydrates. Dissachrides are made of two monosacchrides. Polysacchrides provide quick energy, act as long term energy storage, and structural support. Examples of monosacchrides: Glucose, fructose. Dissachrides: Sucrose, lactose. Polysaccchrides: Starch, glycogen.
Amino acids core components are R-groups (side chain), Hydrogen atom, carboxyll group, amino group, alpha and beta carbon.
Primary structure: Not functional, single chain made of covalent peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
Secondary: Not functional, creates alpha helixes and beta-pleated sheets. Coiled and zig-zag shape.
Tertiary: Can be functional, creates 3D polypeptide chain shape. interacts with R-group.
Quaternary: Functional, multiple folded polypeptide subunits.
Lipids are hydrophobic, insoluble in water, and non-polar. They dissolve in non-polar solvents like alcohol. Steriods are built from 4 linked carbon rings. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Saturated fats are straight-shaped, unsaturated fats are bent.
The active site is in a pocket where substrates bind and undergo catalyst, typically occupying a minor fraction of the enzymes surface area. enzymes accelerate metabolic and chemical reactions. Cofactors are helper molecules that assist in biochemical transformations. Coenzymes are small organic molecules that bind to an enzymes to help it speed up chemical reactions.