Other addictions

  • Dopamine circuitry responds to lots of things

    • Dopamine is a circuit that is conserved because it guides us towards rewarding stimuli

    • Addiction was orriginally not about substances of abuse- but rather pathological compulsive bevaior

  • Pathological gambling

    • A diginosis of pathological gambling requires that the patient display 5 or more if the following

      1. preoccupation with gambling

      2. gambling greater amounts of money to recive the same level of disired experance (tolerance)

      3. repeated, unsuccessful attempts to reducue or quit gambling

      4. is restless/irreatable when trying ti stop gambling withdrawl

      5. gambels to escape from a dysphoric state

      6. gambles to regain gambling losses

    • Individuals who engage in pathological gambling often experance withdrawl, craving, tolerance and failed attempts to reduce/stop gambbling behaviors (all very simlar to drug abuse)

    • Oftern begins in teens/young adulthood

    • I

    • Disregulation of the ventromedial preforntal conrtex (vmPFC; decision making and cognitive control) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC: Emotional valence in discsion making)

      • imparment on iowa gamling task

      • issues us delay discounting (shift towards small immitate rewards)

    • Changes in NAc/vetral striatum in reward evelualtion and delay discounting tasks as well as from gambling cues

    • increased dopamine associated with increased gambling excitement. Dopamine release is associated with problomatic gambling (in a slot machine task)

  • Food

    • Binge eating disorder seems to be a case where eating b/c pathological

      • reccurent eposides

      • impaired control

      • marked distress in realtion to binge eating

      • indviduals may make repeated usuccessful attempts to stop binge eating

      • may report that their binge eating has detremintal social and occupational threats

      • neg heath effects from obesitaty

    • In the nat world we cant get the amount of fat and sugar in mcdonalds foods therefore those foods are rewarding as fat has us survive the winter ad sugar make us more engerized, now that they are coomon it’s hard to get the brain to not see these as reawding

    • Hypothalamus determines the hunger set point based on the state of body

    • the hypothalmus activates the VTA as part of normal foraging-we want to be able to detect food

    • hunger cues also effect VTA

    • Current food opp are so good that the response to them is overwhelming

    • Downstrean activation of OFC and straitum from palitiale food

    • Hedonic pleasure from food in the NAc and formation of habits around eating

      • solutions

        • incorperiation of nutrion class into schools

        • gastric bypass surgery

        • pharmasutical intervention (appitate supressing drugs)

  • Compulsive sexual behavior

    • hyper sexual disorder (sex addiction, sexual impulsivity, hyper sexuality)

    • parahillic (disterbance in sexual selction, animals, couches ect)

    • nonparahillic: norm sexual behavior but to an excessive compulsitive degree

    • as many as 5-6% of the pop

    • many possible manifestations: compulsive crusing and muti partness, compusive multi love relationships, compuslive sexually in a relationship, compulsive use of erotica, compulsive use of

    • I

    • Not a ton of human research

    • Potentially some frontal cortex deficits

    • SSRIs can have sexual side effects- possible that serotin is involved in this disregualgation

    • Impulsive control & sexual issues arise from L-dopa or dopamine agonists in parkingsons patients

    • the hypothalamic circuts that regulate sexual behavior directly activate VTA

  • Videogames/internet use

    • pathological use of tech

    • videogames directly tap into rewards processing

      • the lessons from beheavior psych to maximize effort and responses are implemented the the “payout” structure of video games

        • “levels in WOW or diablo

    • excessive video game use can lead to low social comptenice, low acdemic preformance, and in volent vid games possible volicence

    • social media is set up increasingly

    • I

    • I

    • Reward processing taps into VTA dopamine system

    • internet use seems to alter functioning in OFC, prefontal cortex , cognitive control, and rerward processing

      • striatal changes in dopamine

    • Video games shows changes in ventral striatium/ NAc, OFC, anterior cingulate, frontal cortex

      • often looking @ frequent vs infrequent players rather than problematic behavior vs not

  • Shopping

    • compulsiving bying disorder

    • not a lot is known

    • the rush of getting a good deal/ finding the right thing

    • individuals with compulsive buying disorder show stonger NAc activation compared to control durring product presentation phase of an lab purchesing paradiam

    • Lower activation in Anterior cingulate (AAC) during pricing phase

    • increased ACC activation durring pruchesing

    • Naltrexone

  • Impulse control disorder vs substance use disorder

    • DSM 5 classifies the disorders listed here as impulse control dis

    • a lot of charaterization of them over laps heavily with the charterezation