Key Ideas Master Slide Deck

Topic 1.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Filial Piety:
  • Origin, spread, and effect on East Asian cultures.
  • Demonstrates the importance of family and respect for elders in these societies.
• Influences of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism on East Asia:
  • Neo-Confucianism blended Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist philosophies.
  • Buddhism, originating in India, spread through various branches to East Asia.
• Confucian hierarchy:
  • Emphasized social order and the roles of individuals within society.
  • Reinforced the authority of rulers and the importance of education.
• Spread of Chinese culture to other East Asian states:
  • Through trade, diplomacy, and military influence.
  • Led to the adoption of the Chinese writing system, Confucianism, and bureaucratic systems.
• Branches of Buddhism:
  • Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism are the main branches, each with distinct beliefs and practices.
  • Mahayana Buddhism spread widely in East Asia.
• Important technological innovations:
  • Champa rice: Drought-resistant and fast-ripening rice variety from Vietnam that boosted agricultural production in China.
  • Grand Canal: Facilitated trade and transportation within China.
  • Iron production: Increased agricultural productivity and military strength.

Topic 1.2 Key Ideas for Review

• Abbasid Caliphate fragments:
  • New Islamic political entities emerged, including:
    • Seljuk Turks.
    • The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
    • The Delhi Sultanate.
  • These groups demonstrated regional power and diversity within the Islamic world.
• The Golden Age of Islam:
  • Resulted in the collection and transfer of knowledge across Afro-Eurasia.
  • Significant advancements in mathematics, science, medicine, and philosophy.
• Islam spread and developed through Africa and Asia:
  • Via trade routes, Sufi missionaries, and conquest.
  • Adaptation of Islamic beliefs and practices to local cultures.

Topic 1.3 Key Ideas for Review

• The bhakti movement:
  • Spread through Hindu states.
  • Changed the way Hindus practiced their religion by focusing on devotion and emotional connection to deities.
• Sufis:
  • Continued to engage in missions to convert others to Islam.
  • Known for their mystical approach and tolerance, which facilitated conversions.
• Various South and Southeast Asian states were centered around a particular religion:
  • Examples: Srivijaya (Buddhism), Khmer Empire (Hinduism/Buddhism).
  • Religion played a key role in state legitimacy and cultural identity.
• Trade and control of trade routes:
  • Helped states rise to power and toppled states.
  • Control over strategic locations and resources led to economic prosperity and military strength.
• Empires/States to know:
  • Chola Dynasty.
  • Vijayanagara Empire.
  • Srivijaya Empire.
  • Rajput Kingdoms.
  • Khmer Empire.
  • Majapahit Kingdom.
  • Sukhothai Kingdom.
  • Sinhala Dynasties.

Topic 1.4 Key Ideas for Review

• States to know:
  • Maya: Known for their city-states and advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics.
  • Mexica (Aztecs): Established a powerful empire through military conquest and tribute system.
  • Inca: Created a highly centralized empire with an extensive road system and agricultural innovations.
  • Mississippian: Known for mound building and agricultural practices in North America.
  • Mesa Verde and Chaco: Notable for their cliff dwellings and complex societies in the southwestern United States.
• Explain systems of governance:
  • City-states, empires, tributary systems.
  • Maya city-states, Aztec and Inca empires, and tributary relationships between states.
• Explain how various rulers justified their rule:
  • Divine right, religious authority, military strength.
  • Inca rulers claimed descent from the sun god, Aztec rulers used military success to legitimize their power.
• Explain how expansion occurred and how states' power was maintained:
  • Military conquest, economic control, administrative systems.
  • Aztecs expanded through military campaigns, Incas maintained power through a network of roads and administrative centers.
• Identify changes and continuities within each state:
  • Political structures, economic systems, cultural practices.
  • The Maya experienced periods of growth and decline, the Aztecs adapted earlier cultural traditions while building their empire.

Topic 1.5 Key Ideas for Review

• States to know:
  • Hausa Kingdoms: City-states in present-day Nigeria, known for trade and decentralized political structure.
  • Mali Empire: Gained wealth through trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt.
  • Great Zimbabwe: A medieval city that engaged in trade with Asia and had impressive stone structures.
  • Ethiopia: Emerged as a Christian state during the expansion of Islam in Africa.
• Timbuktu in Mali:
  • Was central to trans-Saharan trade and the strength of Mali.
  • Became a major center of Islamic learning and scholarship.
• Great Zimbabwe:
  • Was a medieval city that engaged in trade with Asia.
  • Its decline is attributed to environmental factors and shifts in trade routes.
• Ethiopia:
  • Emerged as a Christian state during the expansion of Islam in Africa.
  • Maintained its independence and Christian identity through strategic alliances and geographic advantages.

Topic 1.6 Key Ideas for Review

• The High Middle Ages:
  • Marked by trade and intellectual advancements.
  • Growth of towns and cities, development of universities, and revival of classical learning.
• Feudalism:
  • Dominated social structures in Europe.
  • A decentralized political system based on reciprocal relationships between lords and vassals.
• Europe:
  • Was an agrarian society dependent on serfdom and coerced labor.
  • Agricultural production was the basis of the economy, and labor was often tied to the land.
• Powerful monarchies:
  • Emerged and later power shifted back to the noble class.
  • Struggles for power between monarchs and nobles shaped political developments.
• Christianity, Islam, and Judaism:
  • Were the three major religions that shaped Europe.
  • Religious institutions played significant roles in politics, culture, and society.
• Christianity:
  • Influenced every social class.
  • The Church provided education, welfare, and spiritual guidance.
• The Renaissance:
  • Was the "rebirth" period after the High Middle Ages.
  • A renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy.

Topic 2.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Focus is on causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange.
• Causes:
  • The Crusades: Increased European awareness of Eastern goods and trade routes.
  • The Mongol Empire: Facilitated trade and travel across Asia.
  • Demand for Luxury Goods: Spurred long-distance trade.
  • Transportation Advancements: Improved efficiency and reduced costs.
• Effects:
  • Rise of new trading cities such as Kashgar and Samarkand: Became major hubs for commerce and cultural exchange.
  • Diffusion of goods, cultures, and disease: Spread of ideas, technologies, and pathogens.
  • Development of Money Economies: Facilitated trade and economic growth.
  • Increases in Production of Goods and Urbanization: Fueled economic development and population growth.

Topic 2.2 Key Ideas for Review

• Process of state building in the Mongol Empire:
  • Mongols united under Genghis (Chinggis) Khan.
  • Superior military structure and tactics enabled rapid expansion.
  • Created the largest land-based empire in history.
• Mongol expansion:
  • Led to Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).
  • A period of stability and increased trade and cultural exchange.
• Trade expanded:
  • Because the Silk Road networks were safe and passable.
  • Merchants and travelers could move freely and securely.
• Mongols encouraged and helped spread various religions including Islam and Tibetan Buddhism:
  • Religious tolerance fostered cultural diversity and exchange.
• Mongols adopted the Uyghur script as their writing system:
  • Demonstrated their adaptability and cultural borrowing.
• Mongols facilitated the spread of ideas and technology to Europe:
  • Including gunpowder, printing, and other innovations.

Topic 2.3 Key Ideas for Review

• Improved maritime technology:
  • Helped the Indian Ocean trade network expand.
  • Compass: Enabled accurate navigation.
  • Lateen sails: Allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneuverability and efficiency.
  • Stern rudder: Improved steering and control.
  • Astrolabe: Used to determine latitude.
• Ocean trade:
  • Allowed for greater volumes of goods than the overland Silk Roads.
  • Lowered transportation costs and increased efficiency.
• Causes of increased trade:
  • Technological advancements: Improved navigation and shipbuilding.
  • Knowledge of monsoon winds: Facilitated safe and predictable travel.
  • Political stability: Encouraged trade and investment.
  • Increased demand for luxury goods: Spurred long-distance trade.
  • Spread of Islam through trading posts: Connected diverse regions and cultures.
• Examples of the growth of states:
  • Swahili City-States: Prospered from Indian Ocean trade.
  • Gujarat: A major trading center in India.
  • Sultanate of Malacca: Dominated trade in the Strait of Malacca.
• Diasporic communities:
  • Developed in the Indian Ocean basin.
  • Merchants, missionaries, and migrants formed communities in foreign lands.
• Zheng He's voyages:
  • Facilitated technological and culture transfers.
  • Promoted Chinese influence and trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Environmental knowledge:
  • Monsoon winds, coastal geography, tsunamis.
  • Essential for safe and efficient navigation and trade.

Topic 2.4 Key Ideas for Review

• Long-distance trade:
  • Was made possible in the Sahara Desert by the introduction of the camel and the camel saddle to North and West Africa.
  • Camels were well-suited to the desert environment, and saddles improved their carrying capacity.
• The Ghana Empire:
  • Was able to expand and urbanize because of the wealth it built from Trans-Saharan trade.
  • Controlled the gold trade and taxed merchants passing through its territory.
• The Mali Empire:
  • Came after the Ghana Empire and became an extremely wealthy territory from trade in gold, salt, and slaves.
  • Expanded its territory and influence under rulers like Mansa Musa.
• Mansa Musa's hajj to Mecca:
  • Was a Trans-Saharan trek from Timbuktu to Mecca.
  • Showcased Mali's wealth and piety to the Islamic world.
• The Songhai kingdom:
  • Fought with the Mali Empire over control of trading cities like Gao and Timbuktu.
  • Eventually surpassed Mali in power and influence.
• Trans-Saharan trade networks:
  • Were connected to the Silk Roads and Indian Ocean trade networks.
  • Facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures across vast distances.

Topic 2.5 Key Ideas for Review

• Connections formed by the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan trade networks fostered the transfer of culture and innovations including:
  • Buddhism to Asia.
  • Hinduism to Southeast Asia.
  • Islam to Africa, Europe, and Asia.
  • Gunpowder and Paper from China to Europe.
  • Maritime Innovations.
  • Champa Rice to East Asia.
• New trade connections:
  • Gave rise to urbanized cities such as Hangzhou.
  • Facilitated the growth of commercial centers and cultural hubs.
• Trade networks:
  • Allowed for travelers such as Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo, and Margery Kempe to write extensively about their travels.
  • Provided valuable insights into different cultures and societies.

Topic 2.6 +2.7 Key Ideas for Review

• Increased connectivity:
  • By means of the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade routes, Trans-Saharan trade routes, and Mongol conquest led to:
  • The spread of the bubonic plague which caused huge population loss in Europe, the end of feudalism, persecution of minority groups, and the weakening of the Byzantine Empire.
  • Diffusion of new crop varieties like Champa rice, citrus fruits, and bananas which caused population growth and environmental degradation (like the overgrazing in Great Zimbabwe).
• Different trade routes:
  • Flourished with the introduction of transportation and financial innovations.
• Increased trade:
  • Led to the similar effects of urbanization, wealth, and cultural diversity and transfers in cities such as Samarkand, Timbuktu, and Calicut.

Topic 3.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Timurid Dynasty:
  • Predates the three major gunpowder empires: Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and Mughal Empire.
• Ottomans:
  • Mehmed II and Suleiman I; gunpowder helps expansion.
• Safavids:
  • Isma'il and Shah Abbas the Great; gunpowder helps expansion.
• Mughals:
  • Babur and Akbar; gunpowder helps expansion.
• Ottoman-Safavid conflict and Safavid-Mughal conflict:
  • Fought over religious and political differences.
• Manchu/Qing Dynasty:
  • Prince Dorgon, Emperor Kangxi, and Emperor Qianlong; gunpowder helps expansion.
• Other empires and states:
  • Expand and experience conflict with gunpowder weapons playing a crucial role.

Topic 3.2 Key Ideas for Review

• The "big picture":
  • Understanding empire building and administration.
• The Ottoman Empire:
  • Used bureaucratic elites (viziers) and military professionals (Janissaries) to aid in administration.
• Religion, art, and architecture:
  • Was used to legitimize rule (examples: Suleiman as Caliph and the Süleymaniye Mosque as monumental architecture).
• Effective means of financing an empire:
  • Are crucial to consolidating power (tax farmers, jizya tax, import taxes, etc.).
• Examples of the above methods of legitimizing and consolidating power:
  • Can be seen in Japan, Europe, the Americas, the Mughal Empire, and the Songhai Empire.

Topic 3.3 Key Ideas for Review

• Catholicism:
  • Was the dominant governing force in Europe but was challenged during the Protestant Reformation.
• Reformers:
  • Like Martin Luther (95 Theses) and John Calvin sought to reform abuses of the Church like the sale of indulgences and simony.
• Three new major Christian denominations arose:
  • Anglican, Calvinism, and Lutheranism.
• The Reformation:
  • Resulted in wars of religion and the Counter-Reformation.
• The Sunni-Shi'a split:
  • Happened after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632.
• The Ottoman-Safavid rivalry:
  • Was partially fueled by tensions between the Shi'a Safavids and Sunni Ottomans.
• Sikhism:
  • Was a new religion in 1499 in the Indian subcontinent.
• The Sikh community:
  • Became militarized in the early 1600s after Mughal persecution.

Topic 4.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Europeans received technology:
  • From China, Muslims, and the Greeks such as the compass, astrolabe, astronomy charts, better cartography, and the lateen sail which helped spur the Age of Exploration.
• Important innovative ships include:
  • The caravel, carrack, and fluyt.
• Reasons Europeans wanted to engage in more maritime activity included:
  • A search for religious tolerance, glory and wealth, better lives, and the need to find better trade routes.

Topic 4.2 Key Ideas for Review

• The major difference in exploration in this period versus previous periods is that states sponsored exploration.
• Portugal:
  • Found a new route to Asia by sailing around Africa.
  • Established trading-posts in Africa and India.
• Spain:
  • Found a new route to Asia by sailing around the southern tip of South America.
  • Began colonizing the Americas.
• England, France, and the Netherlands:
  • Failed to find an alternate route to Asia but began claiming and colonizing lands in North America.
• Motivating factors for exploration include:
  • Gold, God, and Glory with gold (mercantilism) being the primary factor.

Topic 4.3 Key Ideas for Review

• The Columbian Exchange:
  • Refers to the transfer of goods, ideas, disease, and people between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
• Spain and Portugal:
  • Dominated early exchanges.
• Disease:
  • Spread from Europeans to natives of the Americas who had no immunity- at least half of natives in the New World died as a result.
• Food and livestock:
  • Changed diets in both hemispheres and led to a population boom in Europe.
• Enslaved people:
  • Were brought to the Americas via the Middle Passage.
• The slave trade:
  • Resulted in the transfer of African culture to the Americas.

Topic 4.4 Key Ideas for Review

• European states established trading posts in Africa and Asia.
• Tokugawa Japan and Ming China enacted policies to limit trade and the influence of Europeans.
• European state expansion was fueled by rivalries- Treaty of Tordesillas, French and Indian War, England's East India Company in India, etc.
• Benin, the Kingdom of the Kongo, and the Asante Empire grew and expanded as a result of European influence in Africa.
• The Swahili Arabs, Omani merchants, Gujartis, and Javanese continue to engage in Indian Ocean trade after the arrival of European powers.
• The Americas saw new labor systems develop as a result of the labor-intensive agriculture-
  • chattel slavery, indentured servitude, modified mit'a system, encomienda system, and hacienda system.
• The Trans-Atlantic slave trade was fueled by the growth of the plantation economy.
• African slavery continued in its traditional form within Africa.

Topic 4.5 Key Ideas for Review

• Mercantilist policies:
  • Were used by various European rulers to expand and maintain their overseas empires.
• Joint-stock companies:
  • Such as the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company financed exploration and colonization.
• Rivalries arose:
  • Between European states competing for colonial control and between non-European states seeking to regain control of trade routes.
• There were continuities:
  • In regional markets that relied on peasant and artisanal labor despite many changes to global trade in this period.
• The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:
  • Results in many changes in Africa and the Americas including political and demographic changes, religious syncretism, and cultural exchanges.

Topic 4.6 Key Ideas for Review

• As state power grew in this period, it resulted in various resistance movements, revolts, and wars such as:
  • Ana Nzinga's resistance to Portugal in Africa.
  • Mughal-Maratha War in Southeast Asia.
  • Cossack Revolts and Pugachev Rebellion in Russia.
  • Fronde Civil War in France.
  • Metacom's War, Pueblo Revolt, and the Stono Rebellion in North America.
  • Establishment of Maroon Societies and the Maroon Wars in Jamaica.

Topic 4.7 Key Ideas for Review

• Qing Dynasty:
  • Was Manchu-led and marked a change in status for the Han Chinese majority.
• A system of social classification:
  • Based on race was developed in Spanish America.
• Ivan IV sought:
  • To limit the power of the boyar class in Russia.
• Spain:
  • Expels Jews through the Alhambra Edict in 1492.
• The Ottoman Empire:
  • Accepts Jews from Spain; after state expansion the empire adopts a relatively tolerant policy; women make gains in status.
• Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire:
  • Abolishes jizya and rules with tolerance.
• Europe:
  • Sees struggles between the noble class and royalty; France develops an absolute monarchy.

Topic 5.1 Key Ideas for Review

• The printing press, Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Scientific Revolution contributed to the Enlightenment.
• Characterized by:
  • Empiricism, rationalism, the social contract, laissez-fare economics, deism, and other new ideas from prominent thinkers.
• Enlightenment thinking and nationalism fuel the French Revolution.
• Enlightenment thinking changes social structures:
  • Abolition of serfdom, abolition of slavery, and the rise of demands for women's rights.

Topic 5.2 Key Ideas for Review

• Causes of revolutions:
  • Enlightenment ideas and growing nationalism.
• These ideas fueled revolutions, revolts, and rebellions against colonial rule, monarchical rule, and the Ottoman Empire.
• Effects of Revolutions:
  • New forms of governments and new individual freedoms (including the abolition of slavery in some cases), and the formation of new independent nation-states.
• These new nation-states take us right into the Modern Era!

Topic 5.3 Key Ideas for Review - The Industrial Revolution

• Factors contributing to the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain in the late 18th century:
  • Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals.
  • Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber.
  • Urbanization.
  • Improved agricultural productivity.
  • Legal protection of private property.
  • Access to foreign resources.
  • Accumulation of capital.

Topic 5.4 Key Ideas for Review

• Industrialization began in Britain in the late 18th century and then spread to France, Belgium, and Germany who had similar natural resources.
• Industrialization spread to the United States and began with the textile industry.
• Steel, oil, rail, interchangeable parts, and human capital were key parts of American industrialization.
• Europe and the United States gained an increased share in global manufacturing while Middle East and Asian countries such as Egypt and India saw a decline.
• Decline in Indian industries such as shipbuilding, mining, firearms, and textiles was due in part to British rule and taxation policies.
• Japan was the first Asian country to industrialize.
• Russia saw growth in certain industries, namely railroads, but remained largely agricultural.

Topic 5.5 Key Ideas for Review

• The First Industrial Revolution brought much of the technology needed for the Second Industrial Revolution.
• The Second Industrial Revolution led to new developments like electricity and chemicals.
• The fossil fuels revolution kickstarted the oil industry and led to increased efficiency in production, the internal combustion engine, better lighting, and new materials like plastic.
• Electricity transformed industry, domestic life, communication, transportation, and culture.
• Trains, steamships, and the telegraph enable a much more connected world.
• Railways facilitated increased trade and migration.

Topic 5.6 Key Ideas for Review

• Muhammad Ali of the Ottoman Empire ruled Egypt after expelling the French and eliminating Mamluk opposition.
• He attempted to foster industrialization between 1812 and 1840.
• Grew Egypt's textile industry in an effort to compete with Europeans.
• Industrialization efforts failed after his death in part because Egypt did not have the same access to resources as its European competitors
• Japan's isolation was confronted by Commodore Perry.
• Tokugawa Shogunate agreed to unequal treaties which angered the population.
• Shogunate was overthrown in 1868-Meiji Restoration begins.
• Japan learned from Western powers and rapidly industrialized to become a major world power by the turn of the century.

Topic 5.7 Key Ideas for Review

• Mercantilism was abandoned in favor of Adam Smith's ideas of free markets and laissez-faire capitalism.
• This economic shift was characterized by the move from government intervention/control to private ownership and control.
• New financial instruments that developed as a result of this shift included LLCs, stock exchanges, and multinational corporations.
• These new developments had roots in some components of joint-stock companies.
• Examples of multinational corporations include the Rio Tinto Corporation, HSBC, and Unilever which all still exist today.
• Industrial capitalism led to an increase in the quality of life for consumers by making more goods available at lower costs.
• This sparks the beginning of consumer culture and modern advertising.

Topic 5.8 Key Ideas for Review (Part I)

• Working and living conditions for the working class in industrialized nations were very poor and wages were low.
• Workers had little to no protections and child labor was common.
• Responses to the industrial economy include the rise of organized labor unions, laws restricting child labor, expansion of voting rights, and the development of the theory of communism.

Topic 5.8 Key Ideas for Review (Part 2)

• Outside of the West, governments were faced with a "reform or die" scenario-they needed to modernize or face domination by Western powers.
• The Ottoman Empire abolished the janissaries and implemented the Tanzimat reforms.
• The Young Turks opposed the Tanzimat reforms as superficial and inadequate.
• Qing China implemented the Self-Strengthening Movement after defeat in both Opium Wars.
• The Hundred Days' Reform was a response to further military defeat and concessions.
• Empress Cixi opposed the reforms and staged a coup.

Topic 5.9 Key Ideas for Review

• Social structure shifted from being rooted in landownership in pre-industrial Europe to being based on capital and enterprise.
• The new middle class consisted of businessmen and professionals and middle class women were typically in charge of domestic duties.
• The industrial working class consisted of factory and mine workers; all members of a family including women and children participated in the workforce; women were paid lower wages.
• Industrialization brought negative environmental impacts such as poor air quality, polluted water, and deforestation.
• With rapid urbanization came higher crime rates and the establishment of new police forces.
• Poor housing and sanitation conditions persisted in slums.

Topic 6.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Imperialism and colonialism are often intertwined but they are different concepts.
• Colonialism began with the Age of Exploration.
• Imperialism began with the Industrial Revolution.
• A nation can be both a colonial power and an imperial power.
• Imperialism is the exertion of control or influence over another nation or region.
• Justifications for imperialism include Social Darwinism, the Civilizing Mission, religious conversions, and nationalism.
• Nationalism and imperialism feed each other.

Topic 6.2 Key Ideas for Review

• Non-state entities such as the EIC, VOC, and King Leopold II gained and controlled territory that was eventually relinquished to state control.
• The "Scramble for Africa" by European states led to the Berlin Conference which set rules for the colonization of the continent without regard to local African governments or populations.
• The Congo Free State was an example of colonial exploitation that had devastating effects on the Congolese people and their environment.
• Settler colonies such as French Algeria and New Zealand were formed.
• Outside of Europe, Japan, Russia, and the United States also expanded their territories.
• Methods for imperial expansion included warfare, treaties, purchases, occupation, settlement, and annexation.

Topic 6.3 Key Ideas for Review

• Samory Touré's resistance of French expansion in West Africa, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British, and the Rebellion of Túpac Amaru Il in Peru against the Spanish are all examples of direct resistance to colonial expansion and/or rule.
• The Ghost Dance movement in 1890 by started by the Paiute was an example of a non-violent rebellion against imperial incursion.
• Some anti-imperial resistance led to the formation of new states such as Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria.
• The Cherokee Nation in the US has a tumultuous history but has retained its sovereign status through to the modern day.

Topic 6.4 Key Ideas for Review

• Industrialization and imperialism are connected- industrializing nations required raw materials that could not be grown, extracted or produced locally. This resulted in other regions increasing production of items needed in Europe or the US and developing into export economies
• Argentina became a leading exporter of beef after Britain invested heavily in the country's infrastructure
• Egypt became a leading exporter of cotton to Britain after US cotton exports came to a halt with the onset of the Civil War
• West Africa increased its production of palm oil so it could export it to Britain for machinery lubricant and consumer goods production
• Other export economies around the world grew based on the need for raw materials such as rubber, copper, guano, and diamonds

Topic 6.5 Key Ideas for Review

• Economic imperialism revolves around the exploitation of people for labor, raw materials, and sometimes refined goods
• The British East India Company used its colonial territory in India to grow poppies and refine them into opium for export to China
• The opium trade was a solution to Britain's trade deficit with China and it reversed the flow of silver back into Britain at a great social cost to China
• The Opium Wars resulted in the further weakening of the Qing Dynasty and the eventual carving of China into spheres of influence by European powers
• British investment in the Port of Buenos Aires represented economic imperialism that gave Britain control over Argentina-Europe trade routes
• The US engaged in economic imperialism in the "banana republics" and in the Kingdom of Hawai'i

Topic 6.6 Key Ideas for Review

• Migration consists of push factors (reasons to leave a place) and pull factors (opportunities in a new place)
• Types of labor-based migration include enslavement (forced migration), indentured servitude, contract labor, and penal labor
• Steamships, railroads, and new canals made long-distance travel more affordable and accessible thereby facilitating mass migrations
• Notable migrations in the period include:
  • Transatlantic Slave Trade
  • Irish resettlement in the US, Canada, and Australia due to famine
  • Italian industrial workers to North and South America
  • Various Chinese migrations as a result of civil unrest and famine
  • Russian expansion into Siberia
  • Japanese plantation workers migrating to North and South America
  • Lebanese migrations to various regions due to instability under Ottoman rule

Topic 6.7 Key Ideas for Review

• Gender dynamics affected pull factors for men and women causing greater numbers of men to migrate and leaving women to take on new roles in the home country
• In Italy, this changed the family dynamic and eventually led to a push for women's rights
• Ethnic enclaves formed as a result of migration notably Italian, Chinese, and Indian enclaves
• Chinese migrants came to the US for the Gold Rush and to work on the Transcontinental Railroad
• Anti-Chinese sentiments in the US led to the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882
• Australia's gold rush also attracted immigrants and Australia responded with a series of acts that limited non-White immigration

Topic 7.1 Key Ideas for Review

• Several significant shifts in power took place around the world just after 1900
• The Russian Empire collapsed under the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II and was eventually replaced by the Soviet Union which represented the world's first communist state
• The Manchurian-led Qing Dynasty ended after the nationalist revolution in China led by Sun Yat-sen in 1911
• The collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War II led to the creation of the modern state of Turkey
• All three of these shifts occurred under both significant internal pressures and external factors
  • The Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920 resulted in the adoption of the first social Constitution and significant land reform efforts

TOPIC 7.2 KEY IDEAS FOR REVIEW

• MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism set up Europe for large-scale war
• Formation of the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
• Serbian nationalism led to the formation of the Black Hand who sought to expand Serbia and liberate Slavic peoples from Austro-Hungarian rule
• The assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 sparked the war and alliances pulled in outside nations
• The war had immediate political, social, and economic consequences for those European countries involved

TOPIC 7.3 KEY IDEAS FOR REVIEW

• WWI was a total war and countries mobilized their entire population, including civilians and colonial subjects.
• The sinking of the RMS Lusitania by German U-Boats spurred recruitment campaigns by Allied forces
• Propaganda played a crucial war in enlisting public support for war efforts on both the Allied and Central Powers sides
• Trench warfare characterized the Battle of the Somme
• Tanks were introduced for the first time in WWI and transformed modern military tactics
• The US had economic and ideological ties to the Allies so the Zimmerman Telegram and unrestricted submarine warfare prompted their entry
• Poison gas including mustard gas was a new and devastating military development
• Armistice of Compiègne signed on November 11, 1918 with Allied victory

TOPIC 7.4 KEY IDEAS FOR REVIEW

• The Treaty of Versailles imposed severe economic consequences on Germany
• Germany experienced hyperinflation, high unemployment rates after WWI
• The Great Depression began in 1929 with the stock market crash and lasted about a decade with unemployment, inflation, and social unrest
• President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal as a response to the dire economic conditions
• The United States transitioned from laissez-faire economics a system in which government plays a significant role in regulating and supporting the economy (Keynesian economics)
• Post-WWI economic conditions contributed to the rise of fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy
• Upon the formation of the USSR, Stalin introduced the Five-Year Plans which gave control of industry to the state
• Soviet policies caused an increase in industrial growth but also resulted in hardships such as famine

TOPIC 7.5 KEY IDEAS FOR REVIEW

• The League of Nations mandates facilitated the transfer of territories and colonies of the Central Powers to Britain and France after WWI
  • Examples include the former Ottoman territories of Palestine, Transjordan, Syria, and Lebanon and the former German colonies of German East Africa and South West Africa (among others)
• Japan invaded Manchuria after the Mukden incident in 1931 and