Global History T2 Finals

TANG AND SONG - Elites rebuilt imperial control - Religion: Confucianism - Tributary system (gifting with nations) - Golden Age - population increased, technological innovations, mercantilist/proto-industrial state, Buddhism increased - Contributions to science, art, philosophy, and technology - Trade helped turn China into a cultural center - Expansion - Centralized government BYZANTINE EMPIRE - Capital: Constantinople - Thrived due to trade, with Constantinople at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, allowing it to become a trading center MEDIEVAL PERIOD (Feudal Europe) The social system in Western Europe was feudalism, a system of land ownership built on reciprocal relationships between social classes. The economic system was manorialism, based on the manor (lord's estate). Peasants depended on manor and lords.

ISLAMIC EXPANSION - Caliphs (successors to Prophet Muhammad PBUH) were political leaders leading the Islamic empire. - Islam spread thru conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries - Regions under Islamic rule enjoyed religious toleration (though with poll tax) - Al Andalus: Islamic Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) WEST AFRICAN EMPIRES GHANA - Trade across the Sahara become more popular as camels were used by Berber nomads - Soninke region was passed by the nomads, and the former taxed the latter's goods. This is how Ghana became a flourishing kingdom through trade. - Gold-salt trade helped Ghana's power, as Ghana was rich in both materials. The ruler of Ghana controlled the trade eventually. - Islam came to Ghana through trade. Citizens combined Islam with their own beliefs. - Muslim Almoravids disrupted the trade due to their conquest, and Ghana lost its power. MALI - Rich in gold - Gold deposits were found east of Ghana, which let the people of Mali become wealthy SUNDIATA: took over Ghana thru military victory Peace, agriculture, trade hired qualified people for government MANSA MUSA: - Musa, a skilled military leader, stopped the turmoil in Mali. - His army protected Mali. - Timbuktu became a center for Islam and trade, when Musa came back from hajj and ordered mosques to be made. - Ibn Battuta visited Mali and was impressed by the justice system and quality. - Mali declined with weaker rulers and trade moving east. SONGHAI - People under Mali control began to break away, among them the Songhai. - Gained control over important trade routes. - Capital: Gao SUNNI ALI Muslim Songhai ruler with good army, expanded Songhai into an empire - Captured Timbuktu and later Djenne - Centralized government ASKIA MUHAMMAD - Excellent administrator who set up an efficient tax system, hired able people. Songhai was defeated by Moroccans, because they lacked modern weapons. Other city-states sprouted that were influenced by Islamic tradition and had their own success. CRUSADES - Between Arab Muslims and Western European Crusaders - Military expeditions by Roman Catholic Crusaders to get the Holy Land in Jerusalem back from Muslims. - Started by Pope Urban II, who pitched it as a pilgrimage because holy war wasn't a Christian concept. - Crusaders set up kingdoms in Middle East

FIRST CRUSADE (1096-1099) - Christians got Holy Land back - Peasants fought and not knights SECOND CRUSADE (1147-1149) - Disaster - Lost in Anatolia + Damascus - Holy Land not captured THIRD CRUSADE (1189-1192) - Against Saladin who took over Damascus and Jerusalem - Richard Lionheart I was an important king involved in the crusade - Egypt was made a target; to get to Jerusalem, Richard had to pass Egypt - Crusade called off because Egypt didn't have religious value like Jerusalem FOURTH CRUSADE - Crusaders went on boats made by Venetians. - Not enough money to pay for boats - Crusaders agreed to help Venetians capture Christian city Zara, which resulted in the Pope excommunicating both Crusaders and Venetians. - Alexis III promised money for Crusaders if they helped him fight - Crusaders stuck in Constantinople and didn't get their money; sacked Constantinople and destroyed it (looting, etc.) - Turks took over Constantinople in 1453. RESULTS + EFFECTS - Christianity and Western civilization became more popular - More money, Pope's power increased - Trade and transport improved - Crusades may have led to the Renaissance - Hostility between Muslims and Christians

MONGOLS: -The Mongols sprung out of the eastern steppe of Eurasia. -The Mongols looted + conquered neighbors - Craved power, were ruthless - Nomads in eastern steppe were herdsmen due to little rain and dramatic weather; traveled west where it was wetter - Traded with settled societies, sometimes took their resources - Conquered weak empires GENGHIS KHAN United the Mongols under the idea of power and conquest - Massacred and conquered Central Asia - Conquered a lot of Asia - He was a brilliant organizer, hired qualified people, had a good army, surprised enemies, and was cruel - Died in 1227 The Mongol Empire continued to spread (like to China and Korea) Four khanates: Khanate of Great Khan (Mongolia and China) Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Ilkhanate (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) Mongols often assimilated into the cultures of their subjects, and weren't oppressive during peace. PAX MONGOLIA: Created stability, law, order; safe passage thru empire Eurasian trade/trade in general flourished under Mongol rule. Mongols practiced religious toleration, meritocracy, and universal law. KUBLAI KHAN: Grandson of Genghis Wanted China for luxury 1279: China took over by Mongols, which opened China to more trade and resources. This was the first time China was united after 300 years. Start of the Yuan dynasty. Chinese officials worked in government, as Mongol practices and Chinese government didn't work well. The Chinese had lower power. Trade increased under Kublai rule. MARCO POLO was a Venetian trader who worked under Kublai for 17 years as a traveler to Chinese cities on government missions. He described the beauty and greatness of the Mongol empire in a book, which Europeans thought to be a lie. Corruption and military losses made the empire decline and rebellions from Chinese came until they finally overthrew the Mongols in 1368, starting the Ming dynasty. BLACK DEATH - Originated in China - Spread to Europe starting with Italian merchants in Oct 1347. - Plague went to southern Italy and France. - 75M dead Europeans between 1347-1351 - Spread via trade routes (Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea Complex, Indian Ocean Complex, Trans-Saharan) SOCIAL Mass death, worker shortage, serfs got more power, freedom, and revolted, serfdom and feudalism declined ECONOMIC Trade decreased, $ of labor increased, demand for food and the prices decreased, peasants salary increased, less manufactured goods, manorialism declined